Sayansi yothandiza ya mbiriyakale

Zamkati

• Mndandanda wa Cs. Zothandizira Mbiri

Pulogalamu yasayansi yothandiza kapena njira zothandizira ndizo zomwe, popanda kulongosola bwino gawo linalake la maphunziro, zimalumikizidwa ndi izo ndikupereka chithandizo, chifukwa momwe ntchito zawo zingathandizire kukulitsa gawo lomwe aphunzira.

Pulogalamu ya sayansi zambiri zothandizira mu Mbiri zimakhudzana ndi magawo ena omwe angakhale achidwi, monga Literature, malo odziyimira pawokha komanso odziyimira pawokha, omwe kukumana kwawo ndi Mbiri kumabweretsa kubadwa kwa Mbiri ya Zolemba: nthambi yosunga nthawi komanso yeniyeni.

Misonkhano yamtunduwu imayankha mitu yosangalatsa ndi zomwe zili mu Mbiri, ndipo zitha kuzindikirika chifukwa tsegulani magawo atsopano a kafukufukuyu, pomwe amaphunzitsidwa.

Mlandu wina womwe ungakhalepo umakhala wosasiyanitsidwa ndi Mbiriyakale choncho, ndi kuti amasamalira njirazi, njira zomvetsetsa zolembedwazo kapena momwe amafikira zochitika zakale kapena njira yolemba ndi kusungira zakale. Izi ndizochitika mu Kuwerengera nthawi, mwachitsanzo, omwe cholinga chawo ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo lazomwe zakhala zikuchitika munthawi yake.

Omalizawa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa sayansi yakale.

Mndandanda wa Cs. Zothandizira Mbiri

1. Nthawi. Monga tanena kale, ndikugawana kagawidwe ka Mbiri, komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri pakukonzekera zochitika kwakanthawi. Dzinali limachokera ku mgwirizano wamawu achi Greek Mbiri (nthawi) ndi Logos (kulemba, kudziwa).
2. Chiwonetsero. Sayansi yothandiza ya mbiriyakale komanso yodziyimira pawokha mwachilengedwe, imayang'ana kwambiri pamipukutu yakale yopangidwa ndi miyala kapena zida zina zolimba, kuphunzira kusungidwa kwawo, kuwerenga ndi kufotokozera. Mu ichi, imalumikizidwanso ndi sayansi zina monga palaeography, archaeology kapena numismatics.
3. Zosangalatsa. Mwina wamkulu kwambiri pamasayansi othandizira m'mbiri (wobadwa m'zaka za zana la 19), ali ndi chidwi chokha pakuphunzira ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama zandalama ndi mabanki zomwe zimaperekedwa mwalamulo ndi dziko lililonse nthawi ina. Kafukufukuyu akhoza kukhala wongopeka komanso wamalingaliro (chiphunzitso) kapena mbiriyakale (yofotokozera).
4. Zolemba. Sayansi yothandizira kuyang'anira kafukufuku wovuta komanso mwatsatanetsatane wa zolembedwa zakale: kusungidwa, kumvetsetsa, kutanthauzira ndi kulemba nthawi zolembedwa zolembedwa mwanjira iliyonse komanso zikhalidwe zamakolo. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka mogwirizana ndi Sayansi Yachidziwitso, monga Library Science.
5. Zolemba. Malangizo othandizira m'mbiri yakale omwe amafotokoza mwadongosolo ndikuwunika momwe ziwonetsero zimayimira komanso zofananira, makamaka m'mabanja am'mbuyomu.
6. Codicology. Chilango chomwe chimayang'ana kafukufuku wake m'mabuku akale, koma chimamveka ngati zinthu: osati zambiri monga njira yopangira, kusinthika kwawo m'mbiri, ndi zina zambiri, kusamala kwambiri ma fayilo, ma codices, ma papyri ndi mitundu ina yothandizira zakale.
7. Kazembe. Sayansi yakale iyi imayang'ana kwambiri pazolemba, zilizonse zomwe wolemba wawo analemba, amasamalira zofunikira pakulemba: chithandizo, chilankhulo, mawonekedwe ndi zina zomwe zimalola kuti ziganizidwe pazowona zawo ndikulola kumasulira kwake kolondola.
8. Sigillography. Sayansi ya mbiri yakale yoperekedwa kuzitampu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zilembo ndi zikalata zovomerezeka: chilankhulo chawo, momwe amapangidwira komanso kusinthika kwawo kwakale.
9. Mbiri. Kawirikawiri amatenga meta-mbiri, ndiye kuti Mbiri ya Mbiri, ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimafufuza momwe mbiri yakale (yolembedwera) yamayiko imamangidwira ndi momwe idasungidwira m'malemba kapena zolembedwa zamtundu wina. .
10. Luso. Kuphunzira zaluso ndi njira yodziyimira pawokha, yomwe imayang'ana chidwi chake m'njira zosiyanasiyana zowonetsera luso la anthu ndikuyesera kuyankha funso lopanda tanthauzo la zomwe zili. Komabe, akaphatikizidwa ndi mbiri yakale amapanga Mbiri ya Art, yomwe imangoganizira zaluso m'kupita kwa nthawi: mawonekedwe oyamba omwe anali nawo, kusinthika kwake ndi njira yake yosonyezera kupita kwa nthawi, ndi zina zambiri.
11. Mabuku. Monga tawonera kale, zolemba ndi mbiri zitha kuthandizana kuti apange Mbiri ya Zolemba, mtundu wa Art History womwe umayang'ana kwambiri pazomwe amaphunzira, popeza umangoyang'ana pakusintha kwakale kwa mabuku kuyambira pomwe anali nthano zoyambirira mpaka pano tsiku.
12. Kulondola. Monga m'milandu iwiri yapitayi, mgwirizano pakati pa Mbiri ndi Chilamulo umapereka gawo lowerengera lomwe limawunikira zomwe amaphunzira m'njira zomwe anthu adziwa kukhazikitsira malamulo ndikuwongolera chilungamo, kuyambira nthawi zakale (makamaka nthawi zachiroma, zomwe zimaganiziridwa za kufunikira kofunikira pakumvetsetsa kwathu chilungamo) mpaka makono.
13. Zakale Zakale. Mwalamulo Archaeology ndikuphunzira zotsalira zakale zamaboma omwe adasowa, mokomera kukhazikitsanso moyo wa makolo. Izi zimapangitsa chidwi chanu kukhala chachikulu, chifukwa chimatha kukhala mabuku, zojambulajambula, mabwinja, zida, ndi zina zambiri, komanso njira zowabwezeretsanso. Mwanjira imeneyi, ndi sayansi yodziyimira pawokha yomwe kukhalapo kwawo sikungakhale kosatheka popanda Mbiri ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, imapereka umboni wofunikira pokhudzana ndi malingaliro ake.
14. Zinenero. Sayansi iyi, yosangalatsidwa ndi zilankhulo za anthu, ndiko kuti, m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro yolumikizirana, imatha kulumikizana ndi mbiri kuti ipange Historical Linguistics kapena Diachronic Linguistics: kuphunzira zakusintha munthawi ya njira za kulankhulana kwamawu ndi zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa ndi munthu.
15. Zolemba. Kulangizidwa kumeneku ndi nthambi ya geology, yomwe chinthu chochititsa chidwi chimapangidwa ndimakonzedwe amiyala yopanda pake, metamorphic ndi sedimentary mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi, komwe kumawoneka pakadula tectonic. Pogwirizana ndi Mbiriyakale, amabala zolemba zakale, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi pamiyala ndi magawo kuti akhazikitse mbiri yakapangidwe kake padziko lapansi.
16. Mapu. Nthambi ya madera, yomwe ili ndi chidwi ndi njira zofananira ndi dziko lapansi, ndiko kuti, kukonza mamapu ndi ma atlasi kapena ma planispheres, atha kuthandizana ndi mbiri kuti apange Mbiri ya Cartography: njira yosakanikirana yomwe ikufuna kumvetsetsa mbiri yamtsogolo ya munthu kuchokera momwe adayimiririra dziko lapansi pamapu ake.
17. Mayiko. Ethnography, mwachidule, ndi kuphunzira ndi kufotokoza kwa anthu ndi zikhalidwe zawo, ndichifukwa chake ambiri amawona ngati nthambi yazikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe. Chowonadi ndichakuti imapereka chidziwitso chochuluka ku Mbiri, chifukwa chimodzi mwa zida zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi akatswiri olemba mbiri ya anthu ndi Life History, momwe anthu amafunsidwa mafunso ndipo ulendo wawo wamoyo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yopita kuchikhalidwe chomwe chili.
18. Zolemba zakale. Paleontology ndi sayansi yomwe imasanthula zakale za zamoyo zomwe zidakhala mdziko lathu lakale, poyesera kumvetsetsa momwe amakhalira ndikukhala ndikumvetsetsa zovuta za moyo padziko lapansi. Mwa izi ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mbiriyakale, chifukwa amalankhula za nthawi yomwe anthu asanabadwe, ndikupatsa olemba mbiri mwayi woti aganizire mbiri isanachitike.
19. Chuma. Monga momwe sayansi yasayansiyi imaphunzirira njira zomwe munthu amasinthira chilengedwe kuti chimuthandize, ndiye kuti, njira zopangira katundu ndi ntchito ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zaumunthu nazo, kulumikizana kwake ndi mbiri kumatsegula gawo lonse lowerengera: Mbiri ya Chuma, chomwe chimafufuza momwe anthu asinthira pazachuma kuyambira pomwe tidayamba.
20. Nzeru. Sayansi ya sayansi yonse, Philosophy, ikuyenera kukhala sayansi yokhala ndimaganizo omwe. Pogwirizana ndi mbiriyakale, atha kutulutsa Mbiri ya Maganizo, kafukufuku wamasinthidwe amomwe amadzilingalira ndi chilengedwe cha munthu kuyambira nthawi zakale kufikira lero.

Onaninso:

• Sayansi Yothandiza ya Chemistry
• Sayansi Yothandiza ya Biology
• Sayansi Yothandiza ya Geography
• Sayansi Yothandiza pa Sayansi Yachikhalidwe