Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya Mitundu ya utolankhanis ndi mitundu yofotokozera kapena mitundu yomwe imafanana. Malembo onse atolankhani amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zomwe zachitika komanso kufalikira munyuzipepala. Mtundu uliwonse umapereka mawonekedwe ake, zinthu zake ndi mitundu yake, kutengera cholinga cha mtolankhani.
Malinga ndi cholinga cha woperekayo komanso kuchuluka kwake komwe kumabweretsa uthengawo, mitundu itatu yayikulu yamitundu yolemba imadziwika:
- Zophunzitsa. Amagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cholunjika komanso cholongosoka pofotokoza chochitika chenicheni. Wolembayo amangotumiza zambiri komanso zowona, ndipo satenga nawo mbali pazomwe akunena: sagwiritsa ntchito munthu woyamba, kuwunika ziweruzo kapena malingaliro ake. Mwachitsanzo: nkhani, lipoti la cholinga komanso kufunsa mafunso.
- Maganizo. Amafotokoza malingaliro a wolemba pankhani yokhudza zomwe atolankhani ayenera kuti anali atanenapo kale. Zina zimaphatikizapo kutanthauzira kwa zowona, zina zimapereka ziweruzo zamtengo wapatali pazifukwa ndi zotsatira zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha zochitika zina, ndipo ena amafunsanso mayankho kuti akwaniritse zomwe zafufuzidwa. Mwachitsanzo: mkonzi, chidutswa cha malingaliro, makalata opita kwa mkonzi, chipilala, kutsutsa komanso zoseka kapena zifanizo.
- Wotanthauzira. Kuphatikiza pakufotokozera zomwe zachitika, wolemba amaphatikizaponso malingaliro ake pankhani yolumikiza chochitikacho ndi nthawi komanso malo omwe zidachitikira. M'malembawa mtolankhani amafotokoza zochitika zofunikira kuti zizimveka bwino, kuti atero, amafotokoza zambiri, amafotokoza zomwe zimachitika, amasokoneza malingaliro ake ndipo amapanganso zomwe zingachitike. Mwachitsanzo: lipoti lotanthauzira, kuyankhulana komasulira komanso nkhani zomasulira.
Zitsanzo zamankhwala atolankhani
Nkhani. Ikufotokoza za chochitika chaposachedwa chomwe chili ndi chidwi pagulu. Mtolankhaniyu amapanga zadongosolo kuyambira kutsika mpaka kufunikira kochepa kwambiri, kuphatikiza zambiri zokwanira kuti wolandirayo amvetsetse izi. Nkhani zonse ziyenera kuyankha mafunso: chiyani, ndani, liti, kuti, bwanji. Mwachitsanzo:
- Msirikali waku Thailand adapha anthu osachepera 20 m'misika
- Jonathan Urretaviscaya akhala ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi akuchira
Mafunso. Ndi kukambirana komwe mtolankhani amasankha womufunsa mafunso kuti adziwe zambiri komanso chidziwitso chomwe angapereke pamutu winawake. Pakufunsidwa, cholinga chake ndikupeza zolondola ndipo, ambiri, omwe amafunsidwayo sianthu wamba koma akatswiri pamutuwu. Mwachitsanzo:
- Dengue: kachilombo ka anthu osauka
- "Mankhwala osokoneza bongo satetezedwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo"
Zitsanzo zamitundu yamaganizidwe
Mafunso. Ikufotokoza malingaliro atolankhani pankhani yankhani yomwe ili pamndandanda. Kuwonetsa momwe kampani ilili, zolemba izi sizinasainidwe. Mwachitsanzo:
- Bolsonaro vs. Lula
- Auschwitz, zaka 75 pambuyo pake
Unikani. Kutanthauzira zochitika zachikhalidwe kapena ntchito. Imagwira ntchito zitatu: kuphunzitsa, kuphunzitsa ndi kuwongolera anthu. Mwachitsanzo:
- "M'malo mwake": mndandanda wosangalatsa wonena za kupusa, mphamvu ndi mamilionea
- Martín Caparrós amayeza ndi Echeverría, wolemba ndakatulo wadziko lonse komanso womvetsa chisoni
- "Judy": imbani mpaka kufa
Fanizo. Kudzera ma vignettes, wolemba amasindikiza malingaliro ake pokhudzana ndi zomwe zachitika posachedwa. Mafanizo atha kukhala osatengera mawu.
Mzere. Ikuwonetsa malingaliro a mtolankhani kapena katswiri wokhudzana ndi nkhani kapena mutu womwe uli pamndandanda. Udindo uwu sikuti nthawi zonse umagwirizana ndi mndandanda wazosindikiza. Mwachitsanzo:
- Vuto kwa Chile ndi dziko lonse lapansi
- Oimira demokalase adasemphana koma adasungitsa Trump patsogolo komanso pakati
- Onaninso: Zolemba pamalingaliro
Zitsanzo zamitundu yotanthauzira
Mbiri Yotanthauzira. Ndizolemba motsatira nthawi yomwe mtolankhani adawona kapena kuti adatha kuyambiranso kudzera m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nkhani imatha kusokonezedwa kuti iphatikize kusanthula, malingaliro, zowunikira kapena zidziwitso zomwe zimalimbikitsa nkhaniyo. Mwachitsanzo:
- Bwino kuposa Lassie
- Usikuwo Luis Miguel sanalankhule ndi mafani ake
Lipoti lotanthauzira. Imafotokoza chochitika kuyambira pachiyambi, ikunena momwe ziliri pano ndikuyembekezera zotsatirapo zake zomwe zingakhalepo. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mfundo yayikuluyo ili vuto, wolemba amafotokoza zotheka. Mtolankhaniyo ayenera kupereka zotsutsana, kuyerekezera, zochokera komanso zovuta zokhudzana ndi zochitika zapakati pa lipotilo, kuphatikiza pamaganizidwe kapena kusanthula kwa akatswiri pankhaniyi, kuti apindulitse zomwe zili. Mwachitsanzo:
- Chifukwa 2020 ndi chaka chofunikira kwambiri pazochitika zanyengo
- Chifukwa chomwe Latin America ndi dera lachiwawa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (ndipo ndi maphunziro ati omwe atenge kuchokera ku mbiri yaku Europe)
Makalata Owerenga. Awa ndi malemba olembedwa ndi owerenga sing'anga kuti apereke malingaliro awo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikuchitika. Makalata awa amafalitsidwa mgawo lina la sing'anga ndipo nthawi zambiri amawonjezera, kukonza, kutsutsa kapena kuwunikira zina zomwe zidasindikizidwa kale mchilankhulocho. Mwachitsanzo:
- "Wobwereka wanga adatha chaka chimodzi osalipira lendi ndipo sindinachite chilichonse"
- Kuchokera kwa owerenga: makalata & maimelo
Kuyankhulana kotanthauzira. Wofunsayo amafunsa mafunso omwe amalola kuti anthu adziwe kuwunika kapena kuwerenga zomwe wofunsidwayo ali nazo pamutu winawake. Mwa zoyankhulana zotanthauzira ndizofunsidwa za umunthu, zomwe zimafuna kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a munthu woyenera komanso momwe aliri pankhani imodzi kapena zingapo. Poterepa, kuyankhulana kumatha kukhala ndi wandale, wojambula, wothamanga, wasayansi. Mwachitsanzo:
- Joaquin Phoenix: "Kupanga 'Joker' sichinali chisankho chovuta poyamba"
- Rafa Nadal: "Ndine munthu wamwayi, osati wofera chikhulupiriro"
- Onaninso: Zolemba polemba
