Zamkati
Pulogalamu yaLamulo lachilengedwe ndi chiphunzitso chovomerezeka ndi chalamulo chomwe chimalimbikitsa kupezeka kwa maufulu ena obwera chifukwa cha umunthu, ndiye kuti, amabadwa limodzi ndi munthu ndipo ndiotsogola, opambana komanso osadalira lamulo labwino (zolembedwa) ndi malamulo achikhalidwe (zikhalidwe).
Izi zikhalidwe zidadzetsa masukulu angapo ndi oganiza omwe adayankha dzina la malamulo achilengedwe kapena chilungamo chachilengedwe, ndikuti adalimbikitsa malingaliro ake m'malo otsatirawa:
- Pali dongosolo lazosankha zachilengedwe pazabwino ndi zoyipa.
- Munthu amatha kudziwa mfundo izi kudzera m'malingaliro.
- Ufulu wonse umakhazikitsidwa pamakhalidwe.
- Dongosolo lililonse lazamalamulo lomwe silingatolere ndi kuvomereza mfundo sizingayesedwe ngati lamulo.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali mfundo zoyambirira, zamakhalidwe abwino zomwe zimakhala m'malo ofunikira ngati maziko amilandu yamilandu yaanthu. Malinga ndi izi, lamulo lomwe limatsutsana ndi mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino izi silingatsatidwe ndipo, komanso, lidzalepheretsa malamulo aliwonse omwe amalichirikiza, mu zomwe zimadziwika kuti Radbruch: "lamulo lopanda chilungamo kwambiri si lamulo loona."
Chifukwa chake, malamulo achilengedwe sayenera kulembedwa (monga lamulo labwino), koma limapangidwa mikhalidwe yamunthu, popanda kusiyanitsa mtundu, chipembedzo, dziko, kugonana kapena chikhalidwe. Lamulo lachilengedwe limayenera kugwira ntchito ngati maziko omasulira nthambi zina, popeza ndi mfundo zalamulo komanso zovomerezeka, osati zamakhalidwe, chikhalidwe kapena chipembedzo.
Mapangidwe oyamba amakono amalingaliro awa amachokera ku Sukulu ya Salamanca ndipo pambuyo pake adatengedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi akatswiri azama contract: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes ndi John Locke.
Komabe, kalekale panali zolembedwa zambiri zamalamulo achilengedwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalimbikitsidwa ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu, kapena zimanenedwa ndi munthu wina wamzimu.
Zitsanzo za malamulo achilengedwe
Malamulo aumulungu akale. M'miyambo yakale, panali malamulo aumulungu omwe amalamulira amuna, ndipo kukhalapo kwawo mosakaika kudalipo kale pamalamulo amtundu uliwonse kapenanso pamalingaliro a olamulira. Mwachitsanzo, zidanenedwa ku Greece Yakale kuti Zeus amateteza amithenga ndipo chifukwa chake sayenera kukhala ndi mlandu pazabwino kapena zoipa zomwe abwera..
Ufulu wofunikira wa Plato. Plato ndi Aristotle, akatswiri anzeru achi Greek akale, amakhulupirira ndikukhala ndi ufulu wofunikira atatu womwe unali wofunikira kwa munthu: ufulu wa moyo, ufulu wa ufulu ndi ufulu woganiza. Izi sizitanthauza kuti ku Greece wakale kunalibe kupha, ukapolo kapena kuletsa, koma zikutanthauza kuti oganiza akale amawona kufunika kwamalamulo msonkhano wina usanachitike.
Malamulo khumi achikristu. Zofanana ndi zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, malamulo khumi awa omwe amati adalamulidwa ndi Mulungu adakhala maziko a malamulo achiheberi a nthawi yachikhristu, kenako maziko achikhalidwe chofunikira chamalingaliro aku azungu chifukwa cha Christian Middle Ages ndi teokalase. .zomwe zidapambana ku Europe panthawiyo. Machimo (kuphwanya malamulo) adalangidwa kwambiri ndi nthumwi za Tchalitchi cha Katolika (monga Khoti Lalikulu Lachiweruzo).
Ufulu wapadziko lonse lapansi wa munthu. Lolembedwa koyamba m'masiku oyambilira a French Revolution, mkati mwa kutuluka kwa Republic yatsopano yopanda ulamuliro wankhanza, ufuluwu udali maziko amachitidwe amakono (Ufulu Wanthu) ndi Amawona kufanana, ubale ndi ufulu ngati zinthu zosatheka kwa anthu onse padziko lapansi, osasiyanitsa komwe adachokera, chikhalidwe chawo, chipembedzo kapena malingaliro andale.
Ufulu wamakono wa anthu. Ufulu wosasunthika waumunthu wokhala ndi nthawi yofananira ndi chitsanzo cha malamulo achilengedwe, popeza amabadwa limodzi ndi amuna ndipo amakhala wamba kwa anthu onse, monga ufulu wamoyo kapena kudziwika, kupereka chitsanzo. Ufuluwu sungachotsedwe kapena kuchotsedwa ndi khothi lililonse padziko lapansi ndipo uposa lamulo lililonse ladziko lililonse, ndipo kuphwanya kwawo kumalangidwa padziko lonse lapansi nthawi iliyonse, chifukwa amawerengedwa kuti ndi milandu yomwe siyimapereka chilichonse.
