Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya njira zasayansi ndi njira yofufuzira yomwe imadziwika Masayansi achilengedwe kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri. Ndi njira yokhwima yomwe imalola kufotokoza momwe zinthu zilili, kupanga ndi kuyesa malingaliro.
Kunena kuti ndi wasayansi kumatanthauza kuti cholinga chake ndikupanga chidziwitso.
Amadziwika ndi:
- Kuwona mwatsatanetsatane: Ndimalingaliro achangu motero amasankha. Ndizolemba zomwe zimachitika mdziko lenileni.
- Kupanga mafunso kapena mavuto: Kuchokera pakuwona, vuto kapena funso limabuka lomwe likufuna kuthetsedwa. Pomwepo, lingaliro limapangidwa, lomwe lingakhale yankho ku funso lofunsidwa. Kulingalira kotheka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malingaliro.
- Kuyesera: Zimakhala ndi kafukufuku wazomwe zimachitika kudzera kubereka kwake, nthawi zambiri pamachitidwe a labotale, mobwerezabwereza komanso moyang'aniridwa. Kuyesaku kunapangidwa motere kuti athe kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa zomwe akuti ndi zabodza.
- Kutulutsa komaliza: Asayansi ndi omwe akuyang'anira kuwunika zotsatira zomwe zapezeka kudzera mwa anzawo, ndiye kuti, asayansi ena apadera omwewo amawunika njira ndi zotsatira zake.
Njira yasayansi itha kubweretsa chitukuko cha chiphunzitso. Malingaliro ndi ziganizo zomwe zatsimikiziridwa, pang'ono pang'ono. Ngati chiphunzitso chimatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi choona nthawi zonse ndi malo, chimakhala lamulo. Pulogalamu ya malamulo achilengedwe ndizokhazikika komanso zosasintha.
Pali mizati iwiri yayikulu yanjira yasayansi:
- Kubereka: Ndimatha kubwereza zoyeserera. Chifukwa chake, Zolemba Zasayansi Mulinso zidziwitso zonse pazoyeserera zomwe zachitika. Ngati sangapereke zomwezo kuti alole kuti kuyesanso komweku kubwerezedwenso, sikuti ndi kuyesa kwa sayansi.
- Kukwaniritsidwa: Zopeka zilizonse kapena mawu asayansi atha kutsutsidwa. Ndiye kuti, muyenera kukhala ndi mwayi wokhoza kulingalira mawu oyeserera omwe amatsutsana ndi zomwe adanena poyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, ndikati, "amphaka onse a violet ndi achikazi", Ndizosatheka kunama, chifukwa amphaka ofiirira sangaoneke. Chitsanzo ichi chingawoneke ngati choseketsa koma zonena zofananazo zimachitika pagulu pazinthu zomwe sizimawoneka, monga alendo.
Zitsanzo za njira zasayansi
- Matenda opatsirana
Robert Koch anali dokotala waku Germany yemwe amakhala m'gawo lachiwiri la 19th komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za 20th.
Tikamanena za wasayansi, zomwe amawona sizongokhudza dziko lapansi lokhalo komanso za zomwe asayansi ena apeza. Chifukwa chake, Koch amayamba kuchokera ku chiwonetsero cha Casimir Davaine kuti bacillus ya anthrax imafalikira pakati pa ng'ombe.
China chomwe adawona chinali kufalikira kosadziwika kwa anthrax m'malo omwe kunalibe munthu yemwe ali ndi anthrax.
Funso kapena vuto: Chifukwa chiyani pali matenda a anthrax pomwe kulibe munthu woyambitsa matendawa?
Zonama: Bacillus kapena gawo lake limapulumuka kunja kwa wochereza (wamoyo wokhala ndi kachilombo).
Yesetsani: Asayansi nthawi zambiri amayenera kupanga njira zawo zoyeserera, makamaka akamayandikira gawo lazidziwitso lomwe silinafufuzidwebe. Koch adapanga njira zake zoyeretsera bacillus m'magazi ndikuwongolera.
Zotsatira zakusaka: Bacilli sangakhale ndi moyo kunja kwa wochereza (malingaliro osatsutsidwa pang'ono). Komabe, ma bacilli amapanga ma endospores omwe amapulumuka kunja kwa alendo ndipo amatha kuyambitsa matenda.
Kafukufuku wa a Koch adakumana ndi zovuta zingapo asayansi. Kumbali imodzi, kupezeka kwa kukhalabe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (komwe kumayambitsa matenda) kunja kwa zamoyo kunayambitsa njira yolera yotseketsa zida zopangira opaleshoni ndi zinthu zina zachipatala.
Koma kuwonjezera apo njira zake zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito pofufuza za anthrax pambuyo pake zidakwaniritsidwa pakuphunzira za chifuwa chachikulu ndi kolera. Pachifukwa ichi, adapanga maluso a kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa, komanso media media yokula monga mbale za agar ndi mbale za Petri. Njira zonsezi zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano.
Mapeto. Kudzera mu ntchito yake potengera njira zasayansi, adapeza mfundo zotsatirazi, zomwe zikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano ndikuwongolera kafukufuku wonse wama bacteriological:
- Mukudwala, tizilombo timapezeka.
- Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titha kutengedwa kuchokera kwa omwe akukhala nawo ndikukula mosiyana (chikhalidwe).
- Matendawa amatha kupangidwa poyambitsa chikhalidwe choyera cha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kuti tikhale oyeserera woyeserera.
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timadziwika ndi omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.
- Katemera wa nthomba
Edward Jenner anali wasayansi yemwe amakhala ku England pakati pa zaka za zana la 17 ndi 19.
Nthawi imeneyo nthomba inali matenda owopsa kwa anthu, kupha 30% ya omwe ali ndi kachilomboka ndikusiya zipsera mwa opulumuka, kapena kuwachititsa khungu.
Komabe, nthomba mu anapambana inali yofatsa ndipo imatha kufalikira kuchokera ku ng'ombe kupita kwa anthu ndi zilonda zomwe zili pamabele a ng'ombeyo. Jenner anapeza kuti anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito ya mkaka ananena kuti ngati atagwira nthomba kuchokera ku ng'ombe (yomwe imachira msanga) sangadwale ndi nthomba ya anthu.
Kuyang'ana: Chikhulupiriro chachitetezo chokwanira chomwe chimapezeka chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana a nthomba. Kuchokera pazowonera izi, a Jenner adapitilira gawo lina lotsatira mu njira yasayansi, akuganiza kuti chikhulupiriro ichi ndichowona ndikupanga zoyeserera zofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kapena kuzitsutsa.
Hypothesis: Matenda opatsirana a ng'ombe amapatsa chitetezo cha nthomba.
Kuyesera: Mayesero a Jenner sangavomerezedwe lero, monga momwe amachitira ndi anthu. Ngakhale panthawiyo kunalibenso njira ina yoyesera malingalirowo, kuyesa mwana lero sikungakhale kovomerezeka konse. Jenner anatenga zinthu kuchokera pachilonda cha cowpox kuchokera m'manja mwa mayi wamkaka yemwe anali ndi kachilomboka ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito m'manja mwa mwana wamwamuna, mwana wam'munda wake. Mnyamatayo adadwala kwamasiku angapo koma kenako adachira. Pambuyo pake Jenner anatenga zinthu pachilonda cha nthomba cha munthu ndikuzipaka pa mkono wa mwana yemweyo. Komabe, mnyamatayo sanatenge matendawa. Pambuyo poyesedwa koyambirira, Jenner adabwereza kuyesa kwa anthu ena ndikusindikiza zomwe apeza.
Mapeto: kutsimikiziridwa kopeka. Chifukwa chake (njira yochotsera) kupatsira munthu ndi nthomba kumateteza kumatenda a nthomba. Pambuyo pake, asayansi adatha kubwereza zomwe Jenner adachita ndikupeza zotsatira zomwezo.
Mwanjira imeneyi "katemera" woyamba adapangidwa: kugwiritsa ntchito kachilombo kofooka kuti ateteze munthuyo ku kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kwambiri. Pakadali pano mfundo yomweyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamatenda osiyanasiyana. Mawu oti "katemera" amachokera ku mtundu woyamba wa katemera wokhala ndi kachilombo ka bovine.
- Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yasayansi
Njira yasayansi ndiyo njira yoyesera malingaliro. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, ndikofunikira kuti muchite zoyeserera.
Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti nthawi zonse mumagona tulo m'kalasi mwanu.
Zomwe mukuwona ndi izi: Ndikulota m'kalasi yamasamu.
Chimodzi mwazomwe mungaganize ndi izi: Mukugona m'kalasi yamasamu chifukwa simunagone mokwanira usiku wapitawu.
Kuti muchite kuyesa komwe kumatsimikizira kapena kutsutsa malingaliro, ndikofunikira kuti musasinthe chilichonse mumakhalidwe anu, kupatula nthawi yogona: muyenera kudya kadzutsa yemweyo, khalani pamalo omwewo mkalasi, lankhulani ndi anthu omwewo.
Yesani: Usiku wotsatira kalasi yamasamba mudzagona ola limodzi kale kuposa masiku onse.
Mukaleka kugona tulo m'kalasi yamasamu mutayesanso mobwerezabwereza (musaiwale kufunikira kakuyesera kangapo) lingaliro lidzatsimikiziridwa.
Ngati mupitiliza kugona, muyenera kukula malingaliro atsopano.
Mwachitsanzo:
- Hypothesis 1. Ola limodzi la kugona silinali lokwanira. Bwerezani kuyesaku mukuwonjezera maola awiri ogona.
- Hypothesis 2. Chinthu china chimalowererapo pakumverera kwa tulo (kutentha, chakudya chodya masana). Kuyesera kwatsopano kudzapangidwa kuti kuwunikire kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina.
- Hypothesis 3. Ndi masamu omwe amakupangitsani kugona motero palibe njira yopewa.
Monga tingawonere muchitsanzo chosavuta ichi, njira yasayansi imakhala yovuta popanga lingaliro, makamaka pomwe lingaliro lathu loyamba silinatsimikizidwe.
