Mphamvu zamkati

Zamkati

• Kusintha kwamphamvu kwamkati
• Zitsanzo za mphamvu zamkati
• Mitundu ina yamphamvu

Pulogalamu ya mphamvu zamkatiMalinga ndi Lamulo Loyamba la Thermodynamics, zimamveka kuti ndizomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kusunthika kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mkati mwa dongosolo. Zimasiyana ndi mphamvu yolamulidwa ya makina oonera zinthu zing'onozing'ono, yogwirizana ndi zinthu zosuntha, chifukwa imafotokoza za mphamvu zomwe zili pazinthu zazing'onoting'ono komanso zam'maselo.

A) Inde, chinthu chimatha kupumula kwathunthu ndikusowa mphamvu zowoneka (zosatheka kapena zamphamvu), komabe chimakhala chodzaza ndi mamolekyulu oyenda, akuyenda mwachangu pamphindikati. M'malo mwake, mamolekyu awa azikopana ndikuthamangitsana kutengera mtundu wa mankhwala ndi zinthu zazing'onoting'ono, ngakhale palibe zomwe zikuyenda ndi maso.

Mphamvu zamkati zimawerengedwa kuti ndizambiri, ndiye kuti, zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu mumtundu wa tinthu. Ndiye muli mitundu yonse yamphamvu magetsi, kinetic, mankhwala ndi kuthekera komwe kumapezeka mu ma atomu azinthu zopatsidwa.

Mphamvu zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimaimiridwa ndi chizindikirocho KAPENA.

Kusintha kwamphamvu kwamkati

Pulogalamu ya mphamvu zamkati a tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kusiyanasiyana, mosasamala momwe malo awo alili kapena mawonekedwe ake (pankhani zakumwa ndi mpweya). Mwachitsanzo, mukamayambitsa kutentha kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mphamvu yamafuta imawonjezedwa yomwe ingakhudze mphamvu zamkati zonse.

Komabe, mphamvu zamkati ndi audindo ntchitondiko kuti, sizimasiyanasiyana pakusintha komwe kumalumikiza zigawo ziwiri, koma koyambirira ndi komaliza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuwerengetsa kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu zamkati mwazomwe zapatsidwa nthawi zonse kumakhala zerokwa koyamba koyamba ndi zomalizira zimakhala chimodzimodzi.

Zomwe akupangira kuwerengera uku ndi izi:

=U = U_B - KAPENA_KU, komwe dongosolo lapita kuchokera ku boma A kupita ku B.

=U = -W, pakagwiranso ntchito zambiri zamakina W, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa dongosololi ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zake zamkati.

=U = Q, momwe timawonjezera kutentha komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu zamkati.

=U = 0, pakusintha kwamphamvu kwamkati mkati.

Milandu yonseyi ndi enanso atha kufotokozedwa mwachidule mu equation yomwe imafotokoza Mfundo Yosunga Mphamvu mu dongosolo:

= U = Q + W.

Zitsanzo za mphamvu zamkati

1. Mabatire. Thupi la mabatire omwe amakhala ndi mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito mkati, chifukwa cha zimachitikira mankhwala pakati pa zidulo ndi zitsulo zolemera mkati. Mphamvu zamkati zidzakhala zazikulu mphamvu yake yamagetsi ikadzatha komanso ikakhala yaying'ono ikadzatha, ngakhale kuli kwakuti mabatire amabwezeretsanso mphamvuzi zitha kuwonjezeredwa poyambitsa magetsi kuchokera kubuloko.
2. Mpweya wothinikizidwa. Poganizira kuti mpweya umakhala wokwanira chidebe chonse chomwe chilimo, chifukwa mphamvu yake yamkati imasiyanasiyana chifukwa kuchuluka kwa danga ukukulirakulira ndipo kumawonjezeka ikachepa. Chifukwa chake, mpweya wobalalika mchipinda umakhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako mkati ngati tingaupinikiza mu silinda, popeza tinthu tawo timakakamizika kulumikizana kwambiri.
3. Lonjezerani kutentha kwa zinthu. Tikachulukitsa kutentha, mwachitsanzo, gramu yamadzi ndi gramu yamkuwa, onse kutentha pang'ono kwa 0 ° C, tiona kuti ngakhale ndiyofanana, ayezi adzafunika kuchuluka kwakukulu mphamvu yonse kufikira kutentha komwe mukufuna. Izi ndichifukwa choti kutentha kwake ndikokwera kwambiri, ndiye kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalandila mphamvu zomwe zimayambitsidwa kuposa zamkuwa, zomwe zimawonjezera kutentha pang'onopang'ono mphamvu yake yamkati.
4. Sambani madzi. Tikasungunula shuga kapena mchere m'madzi, kapena tikalimbikitsa zophatikizira zofananira, timagwedeza madziwo ndi chida cholimbikitsira kusungunuka. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu zamkati zamakina zomwe zimapangidwa ndikubweretsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito (W) yoperekedwa ndi zomwe timachita, zomwe zimaloleza kukonzanso kwamphamvu kwamankhwala pakati pama particles omwe akukhudzidwa.
5. Nthunziyamadzi. Madzi akangowiritsa, tiona kuti nthunzi imakhala ndi mphamvu yamkati kuposa madzi amadzi omwe ali mchidebecho. Izi ndichifukwa, ngakhale ndizofanana mamolekyulu (chipindacho sichinasinthe), kuti tipeze kusintha kwakuthupi tawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya caloric (Q) kumadzi, ndikupangitsa kusokonezeka kwa ma particles ake.

Mitundu ina yamphamvu