Zamkati
Pulogalamu yama hydroxide Zotsatira za kuphatikiza kwa chitsulo okusayidi (amatchedwanso basic oxides) ndi madzi. Mwanjira imeneyi, kapangidwe ka ma hydroxide amaperekedwa ndi zinthu zitatu: oxygen, hydrogen ndi chitsulo chomwe chikufunsidwa. Pogwirizana, chitsulo nthawi zonse chimakhala ngati cation ndipo gulu la hydroxide limakhala ngati anion.
Ma Hydroxides ambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo, monga kukhala ndi kulawa kowawa ngati sopo, kukhala woterera mpaka kukhudza, kuwononga, kukhala ndi zotsekemera ndi sopo, kutha mafuta ndi sulfure, komanso kuyankha ndi zidulo kuti apange mchere.
Kumbali inayi, zikhalidwe zina zimayenderana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa hydroxide, monga sodium, yomwe imayamwa kaboni dayokisaidi ndi madzi; calcium yomwe imapezeka chifukwa cha calcium oxide ndi madzi; kapena chitsulo (II) chomwe sichimasungunuka m'madzi.
Kodi amagwiritsa ntchito chiyani?
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma hydroxide kumasiyananso pamilandu yosiyanasiyana:
- Pulogalamu ya sodium hydroxideMwachitsanzo, imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafakitale a sopo ndi kukongola ndi zinthu zosamalira thupi.
- Pulogalamu ya calcium hydroxideKumbali yake, imakhala ndi gawo pakati panjira zina monga kupeza sodium carbonate.
- Pulogalamu ya lifiyamu hydroxide Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zoumbaumba, pomwe magnesium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala opha tizilombo kapena mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba.
- Pulogalamu ya chitsulo hydroxide Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza feteleza.
Mayina omasulira
Pazinthu zambiri zomwe zimaphatikiza mankhwala, pali mayina osiyanasiyana amtundu wa ma hydroxide:
- Pulogalamu ya dzina lachikhalidweMwachitsanzo, ndi yomwe imayamba ndi mawu oti hydroxide kutsatira chinthucho koma kulingalira za valence yomwe imagwira ntchito: ikakhala ndi valence imodzi kutha kwa 'ico' kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito, akakhala ndi awiri khalani omwe ali ndi valence yotsiriza kwambiri 'chimbalangondo' ndipo omwe ali ndi malire ang'onoang'ono ndi 'ico', ndipo akagwira ntchito ndi ma valence atatu kapena anayi, 'hiccup' kapena 'per' ziziwonjezeredwa momwe zingathere khalani.
- Pulogalamu ya Zolemba pamasheya ndi amene amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti hydroxide, koma m'malo molemba ndi liwu limodzi, amagwiritsa ntchito chithunzithunzi 'cha' kenako chitsulo, ndikuyika ma valence m'mabowo.
- Pulogalamu ya mwadzina mwadongosolo Ndi yomwe imayimilira zomasulira manambala ku mawu a hydroxide.
Zitsanzo za ma hydroxide
- Mtsogoleri (II) hydroxide, Pb (OH)2, kutsogolera dihydroxide.
- Platinamu (IV) hydroxide, Pt (OH)4, platinamu quadhydroxide.
- Vanadic hydroxide, V (OH)4, vanadium tetrahydroxide.
- Ferrous hydroxide, Fe (OH)2, chitsulo dihydroxide.
- Mtsogoleri (IV) hydroxide, Pb (OH) 4, lead tetrahydroxide.
- Silver hydroxide, AgOH, siliva hydroxide.
- Cobalt Hydroxide, Co (OH) Kufotokozera:2, cobalt dihydroxide.
- Manganese hydroxide, Mn (OH)3, manganese trihydroxide.
- Ferric hydroxide, Fe (OH)3, chitsulo trihydroxide.
- Makapu a hydroxide, Cu (OH)2, dihydroxide yamkuwa.
- Zotayidwa hydroxide, Al (OH)3, zotayidwa trihydroxide.
- Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, sodium hydroxide.
- Strontium hydroxide, Sr (OH)2, strontium dihydroxide.
- Mankhwala enaake a hydroxide, Mg (OH)2, magnesium dihydroxide.
- Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide.
- Cadmium hydroxide, Cd (OH)2, cadmium dihydroxide.
- Vanadic hydroxide, V (OH)3, vanadium trihydroxide.
- Mercuric hydroxide, Hg (OH)2, mercury dihydroxide.
- Cuprous hydroxide, CuOH, mkuwa hydroxide.
- Lifiyamu hydroxide, LiOH, lithiamu hydroxide.
Nthawi zina, ma hydroxide amakhala ndi mayina omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, monga sodium hydroxide yomwe imatchedwanso caustic soda, potaziyamu hydroxide yomwe imatchedwa caustic potash, calcium hydroxide yomwe imatchedwa laimu madzi kapena laimu yotsekedwa, ndipo magnesium amatchedwa mkaka wa magnesia.
- Tsatirani ndi: Zitsanzo za ma hydroxide (ofotokozedwa)
