Zamkati
Ponena za mankhwala, mawuwa amapangidwa kuti mankhwala mankhwalandiye kuti, pa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo zomwe zimaphatikizana mwanjira inayake komanso molingana.
Pulogalamu ya katundu wa physico-chemical mankhwalawa si ofanana ndi a zinthu zomwe zimapanga mosiyana.
Pali zitsanzo masauzande ambirimbiri za mankhwala omwe atizungulira, zachilengedwe ndi kupanga, iliyonse ili ndi mikhalidwe yake. Kuchokera pa tebulo mchere kapena shuga womwe timakonza zomwe timadya tsiku lililonse, kapena sopo ndi bulichi yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kuyeretsa, kumankhwala omwe timamwa kuti muchepetse ululu wathu kapena kuchiritsa kumatenda amapangidwa ndimankhwala osiyanasiyana.
Gulu
Popeza pali mankhwala ambirimbiri, ndizofala kuyesa kuwapanga mwanjira inayake. Mwambiri, amagawika m'magulu awiri akulu: mankhwala opangira zinthu zachilengedwe:
- Zachilengedwe: Amakhala ndi kaboni ndi haidrojeni mumolekyulu wawo, pakati pawo pali zinthu zofunika monga ma hydrocarbon, mafuta achikale; mapuloteni kapena mafuta.
- Zachilengedwe: Alibe kaboni ngati chinthu chapakati, koma amaphatikiza zinthu zina (monga nayitrogeni, sulfa, chitsulo, mpweya kapena potaziyamu), kuti apange mchere, oxides, hydroxidesndi zidulo. Lang'anani chingwe chimamveketsa kuti palinso mchere komanso ma organic acid.
Kutengera mtundu wa mgwirizano womwe umachitika pakati pazinthuzo, mutha kukhala ndi ma ionic kapena ma covalent mankhwala:
- Mankhwala a Ionic: Zimasungidwa pamodzi ndi cation ndi anion ndi kukopa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwamilandu.
- Makampani a Covalent: Ma electron ake amagawidwa.
Zida zamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimaimiridwa ndi zawo kapangidwe kake kapena theka-anayamba. Zimathandizanso kwambiri kumvetsetsa momwe mankhwala amapangira. mitundu yazithunzi zitatu, makamaka ngati ali mamolekyulu ovuta kwambiri okhala ndi khola lenileni, monga mapuloteni.
Itha kukutumikirani:
- Zitsanzo za Zida Zamakina
Zitsanzo za mankhwala
Mitundu ina yamankhwala yatchulidwa pansipa:
- Methylene buluu
- Ferric mankhwala enaake
- Madzi
- Methane
- Streptomycin
- Mowa
- Glycerol
- Sodium sulphate
- Kashiamu nitrate
- Shuga
- Cellobiose
- Xylitol
- Uric asidi
- Chlorophyll
- Urea
- sulphate yamkuwa
- Asidi nitriki
- Lactic asidi
- Mpweya monoxide
- Lactose
