Zinthu Zachilengedwe ndi Zachilengedwe

Zamkati

• Zitsanzo zamagulu azinthu
• Zitsanzo zamagulu amadzimadzi

Pulogalamu ya mankhwala mankhwala ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi ziwiri kapena zingapo zinthu yolumikizana wina ndi mnzake, potero imabweretsa chinthu chatsopano komanso chosiyana. Malinga ndi mtundu wa ma atomu Zomwe zimapanga mankhwalawa, titha kuyankhula zamagulu ndi zinthu zina:

Amatchulidwa mankhwala organic zomwe zimakhala ndimatomu a kaboni ndi haidrojeni, mogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zinthu zina. Kum'mawa mtundu wa mankhwala khalani mgwirizano wolimba (pakati pa ma atomu osakhala achitsulo) azinthu zochepa (kuyambira awiri mpaka asanu) ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zilipo pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10 amtunduwu. Amakhala ndi moyo ndipo amabisidwa ndi zamoyo.

Pulogalamu ya mankhwala amadzimadziKomano nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi maatomu a kaboni, kapena ma hydrogen-kaboni maubweya (ofanana ndi ma hydrocarbon), ndipo ma atomu awo amatha kulumikizidwa ndi maubwenzi a ionic (metallic kapena non-metallic atom) kapena covalent. Ali zinthu itha kukhala ndi zinthu zingapo kuchokera kwina kulikonse pagome la periodic ndipo ali makondakitala abwino amagetsi.

Zitsanzo zamagulu azinthu

1. Mankhwala (CH₃OH). Amadziwika kuti nkhuni kapena methyl mowa, mowa wosavuta kwambiri ulipo.
2. Zamgululi (C₃H₆KAPENA). Kawirikawiri chosungunulira acetone, choyaka moto komanso chowonekera, ndi fungo labwino.
3. Acetylene (C.₂H₂). Amatchedwanso ethyne, ndiwowonjezera mpweya wa alkyne kuposa mpweya wopanda mtundu, wowotcha kwambiri.
4. Ethyl ethanoate (CH₃-COO-C₂H₅). Amadziwikanso kuti ethyl acetate kapena viniga ether, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira.
5. Mpangidwe (CH₂0). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungira zinthu zachilengedwe (zitsanzo, mitembo), imadziwikanso kuti methanal kapena formaldehyde.
6. Glycerin (C.₃H₈KAPENA₃). Glycerol kapena propanetriol, ndichinthu chapakatikati cha nayonso mphamvu zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso zam'mimba zamadzimadzi.
7. Shuga (C.₆H₁₂KAPENA₆). Gawo loyambira la zinthu zamoyo ndi shuga ya monosaccharide.
8. Mowa (C.₂H₆KAPENA). Mowa wa Ethyl, womwe umapezeka mu zakumwa zoledzeretsa, zotsatira za kupesa kwa anaerobic kwa shuga ndi yisiti.
9. Isopropanol (C₃H₈KAPENA). Isopropyl mowa, isomer wa propanol, amakhala acetone pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni.
10. Acetylsalicylic asidi (C₉H₈KAPENA₄). Gulu logwira ntchito la aspirin: analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory.
11. Sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂KAPENA₁₁). Chofala kwambiri pa chakudya: shuga patebulo.
12. Fructose (C₆H₁₂KAPENA₆). Zipatso shuga zimakhala ndi ubale wapakati ndi shuga.
13. Mapadi (C₆H₁₀KAPENA₅). Gawo lalikulu lazomera, limakhala ngati khoma pamakoma azomera komanso ngati nkhokwe yamagetsi.
14. Nitroglycerin (C₃H₅N₃KAPENA₉). Kuphulika kwamphamvu, kumapezeka mwa kusakaniza nitric acid, sulfuric acid ndi glycerin.
15. Lactic asidi (C₃H₆KAPENA₃). Chofunikira kwambiri pakupatsa mphamvu thupi la munthu pakakhala mpweya wochepa kwambiri, womwe umatulutsa shuga kudzera pa nayonso mphamvu ya lactic.
16. Benzocaine (C.₉H₁₁Ayi₂). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala oletsa ululu am'deralo, ngakhale magwiritsidwe ake makanda amakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa za poyizoni.
17. Lidocaine (C₁₄H₂₂N₂KAPENA). Mankhwala ena oletsa ululu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochita mano komanso ngati opatsirana.
18. Makilogalamu (C₁₂H₂₂KAPENA₁₁). Wopangidwa kuchokera ku galactose ndi glucose, ndi shuga yemwe amapatsa mkaka wa nyama mphamvu zake.
19. Cocaine (C₁₇H₂₁Ayi₄). Alkaloid wamphamvu yochokera ku chomera cha coca ndikupanga kuti apange mankhwala osavomerezeka a dzina lomweli.
20. Ascorbic asidi (C₆H₈KAPENA₆). Amatchedwanso vitamini C wofunika kwambiri wa zipatso za citrus.

Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Zinyalala Zamoyo

Zitsanzo zamagulu amadzimadzi

1. Sodium mankhwala enaake (NaCl). Mchere wamba wazakudya zathu.
2. Asidi Hydrochloric (HCl). Imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri zidulo odziwika, ndi amodzi mwa omwe amabisidwa m'mimba kuti agayike chakudya.
3. Phosphoric asidi (H₃PO₄). Asidi othira madzi, osagonjetsedwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, evaporation ndi kuchepetsedwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani akumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi.
4. Sulfuric asidi (H₂SW₄). Chimodzi mwazida zodziwika bwino kwambiri, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndipo chimapangidwa chambiri padziko lapansi.
5. Iodide ya potaziyamu (KI). Mchere uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pojambula ndi poizoniyu.
6. Dichromate ya potaziyamu (K₂Kr₂KAPENA₇). Mchere wa lalanje, wokhala ndi oxidizing kwambiri, wokhoza kuyambitsa moto mukakumana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
7. Siliva mankhwala enaake (AgCl). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi zamagetsi komanso muma laboratories, chifukwa chosungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, ndi yolimba kwambiri.
8. Amoniya (NH₃). Amatchedwanso azano kapena ammonium gasi, ndi mpweya wopanda utoto wokhala ndi nayitrogeni wokhala ndi fungo lonyansa.
9. Cuprous sulphate (Cu₂SW₄). Mchere wosasungunuka, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso wowoneka bwino pazitsulo zachitsulo.
10. Pakachitsulo okusayidi (SiO₂). Kawirikawiri amatchedwa silika, amapanga quartz ndi opal, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazigawo za mchenga.
11. Iron sulphate (FeSO₄). Amadziwikanso kuti vitriol wobiriwira, melanterite kapena green caparrosa, ndi mchere wabuluu wobiriwira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wonyezimira komanso ngati chithandizo cha ma anemias ena.
12. Kashiamu Carbonate (CaCO₃). Yakale ngati mankhwala opha tizilombo komanso m'mafakitale agalasi ndi simenti, ndichinthu chambiri kwambiri m'chilengedwe, monga miyala kapena zipolopolo ndi mafupa a nyama zina.
13. Mtedza (CaO). Ndi calcium oxide yamtundu uliwonse, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pophatikiza ngati zomangira.
14. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). Ili mu zozimitsira moto kapena muzakudya zambiri komanso zamankhwala, ili ndi pH yamchere kwambiri.
15. Potaziyamu hydroxide (KOH). Potaziyamu soda, yogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sopo ndi zinthu zina zosungunulira.
16. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Wotchedwa caustic soda kapena caustic soda, amagwiritsidwa ntchito papepala, nsalu ndi zotsekemera ndikutsitsa mafakitale otseguka.
17. Ammonium nitrate (NH₄Ayi₃). Manyowa olima amphamvu.
18. Cobalt Silicate (CoSiO₃). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga inki (monga cobalt buluu).
19. Magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄). Mchere wa Epsom kapena mchere wachingerezi, mukawonjezera madzi. Ili ndi ntchito zingapo zamankhwala, makamaka zaminyewa, kapena zamchere zam'bafa.
20. Barium mankhwala enaake (BaCl₂). Mchere woopsa kwambiri womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira inki, mankhwala azitsulo, ndi zophulika.