Zida zotanuka

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• Zitsanzo za zinthu zotanuka

Amadziwika kutizotanuka omwe adapatsidwa kuthekera kuti abwezeretse kukula kwawo koyambirira, mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imawakakamiza kuti akhale ndi mawonekedwe ena itatha. Mwachitsanzo: nayiloni, lalabala, labala, poliyesitala. Khalidweli limayang'aniridwa ndi Lamulo la Hooke, lomwe limamvetsetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika pansi pa Modulus of Elasticity.

Zipangizo zotanuka zimatha kukhala zachilengedwe, zopanga kapena zopanga, kutengera kukula kwake pakulamba kwa munthu.

• Onaninso: Zipangizo za Ductile

Zitsanzo za zinthu zotanuka

1. Elastin Ndi puloteni yomwe imapereka kukhathamira komanso kukana minofu yolumikizana ndi nyama, kuti izitha kukulirakulira ndikupezanso mawonekedwe ake.
2. Mphira. Ndi polima wa chilengedwe chomwe chimapezeka kuchokera kumitengo ya mitengo inayake, ndimadzi othamangitsira madzi, osagwirizana ndi magetsi, komanso otanuka kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri zamalonda, kuyambira zoseweretsa mpaka zotanuka.
3. Nayiloni. Ndi polima wopangira, wochokera ku mafuta, omwe ali mgulu la polyamides. Kukhazikika kwake kumakhala kwapakatikati, kutengera zowonjezera panthawi yopanga.
4. Lycra. Amadziwika kuti elastane kapenaspandex, ndi cholumikizira chopangidwa ndi kukana kwakukulu ndikulimba, komwe kumapangitsa kukhala koyenera kugwiritsira ntchito nsalu ndi mafakitale.
5. Zodzitetezela. Ndi chinthu chotanuka kwambiri, chosiyana ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala kuchokera ku mphira ndi zina m'kamwa zamasamba zoyambiranso. Latex amapangidwa ndi mafuta a gummy, sera ndi utomoni, opangidwa ndikusinthidwa kuchokera kuzomera zina za angiosperm ndi bowa wina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kumagolovesi ndi makondomu.
6. Mphira. Ndi chinthu chotulutsa utoto wa kulemera kwambiri kwama molekyulu, omwe mawonekedwe ake ndi olimba samatchinga kuti asakhale ndi kutanuka kwakukulu. Ndi imodzi mwamagalimoto odziwika bwino kwambiri amagetsi,
7. Chingamu. Ndi polima wachilengedwe, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chingamu ndiye kuyamwa kwa mtengoManilkara zapota(sapota kapena zapotilla), wochokera ku America. Utomoniwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kutafuna chingamu kokha, komanso mu varnishi, mapulasitiki ndi zomatira komanso, pamodzi ndi mphira, ngati chotchingira mafakitale.
8. Gulu lotanuka. Amadziwika kuti band labara kapena band labala, ndi mphira ndi mphira, wopangidwa mozungulira ndikuwapatsa ma hydrocarbon omwe amachepetsa kutambasuka kwake posinthana ndi kuuma ndikutsatira. Ndiwotchinjiriza wabwino, koma wotentha pang'ono pang'ono.
9. Ubweya. Ndi ulusi wachilengedwe womwe umapezeka kuchokera kuzinyama za mbuzi, monga mbuzi, nkhosa ndi ma camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicuñas) komanso akalulu, kudzera pakumeta nyama. Ndiwo, nsalu yotanuka komanso yoletsa moto imapangidwa, yothandiza zovala kutetezedwa kuzizira.
10. Cartilage. Likupezeka m'thupi la munthu ndi zinyama zina, limakhala pakati pa mafupa ndikupanga pinna ndi mphuno. Mitundu ina imakhala mafupa awo athunthu kapena pafupifupi. Ndi yotanuka ndipo ilibe mitsempha yamagazi, chifukwa chake imatha kukwaniritsa udindo wake wochepetsera mafupa komanso kupewa kukangana.
11. Graphene Ndi zotanuka zachilengedwe, zopangidwa ndi gawo limodzi la graphite, loyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso lopanda atomu imodzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi ndi nanotechnology, chifukwa ndimayendetsa bwino kwambiri.
12. Silikoni. Polima wopangidwa ndi mankhwalawa amapezeka kudzera mu polysiloxane, utomoni wamadzi ndipo amapangidwa ndi maatomu a silicon ndi oksijeni munthawi zosinthika. Ndi yopanda fungo, yopanda utoto komanso yopanda mphamvu ngakhale kutentha kwambiri. Ntchito zake zamafakitale ndizosiyanasiyana, ngakhale m'makampani azachipatala ndi opaleshoni, kapena zophikira.
13. Chithovu. Chithovu cha polyurethane (thovu la PU) ndi mtundu wina wa pulasitiki wolusa womwe kulibe m'chilengedwe, koma uli ndi mafomu ambiri ogwirira ntchito ndi malonda amunthu. Ili ndi chiyambi chofanana ndi cha polyester.
14. Poliyesitala. Ili ndi dzina lomwe limaperekedwa pagulu lonse lazinthu zotanuka zomwe zidapezeka m'chilengedwe kuyambira 1830, koma zopangidwa mochokera ku mafuta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa chokana kwambiri chinyezi, othandizira mankhwala ndi makina.
15. Bandeji ya Neuromuscular. Amadziwika kutikujambula, ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi matepi osiyanasiyana a thonje okhala ndi zomatira za akiliriki, zokhoza kutambasula zoposa 100% za kukula kwake koyambirira ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito povala mabala ndi kuvulala.
16. Mabuloni Zopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosunthika potengera labala kapena pulasitiki yoyenda bwino, ndizosinthika zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadzazidwa ndi mpweya, helium kapena madzi ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosangalatsa. Palinso zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwira ntchito zamankhwala ndi labotale.
17. Zingwe Zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosinthika zomwe zimakonzedwa mozungulira, zingwe zomangirizidwa zimatha kunjenjemera momasuka ndikupanga mafunde akumveka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amagwiritsa ntchito zida zoimbira monga gitala kapena zeze.
18. Fiberglass. Ipezeka ndikutambasula galasi losungunuka, ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi ma polima osiyanasiyana kutengera pakachitsulo, komwe kumapangitsa kuti kusinthike. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati insulator komanso wochititsa, makamaka pamakampani opanga matelefoni.
19. Pulasitiki. Ndizipangizo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi polima mpweya womwe umachokera ku ma hydrocarbon osiyanasiyana, monga mafuta. Amapangidwa kuti azilimba komanso kusinthasintha nkhope ikakhala yotentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziumbe mosiyanasiyana. Kamodzi kozizira, kuchepa kwake kumachepa.
20. Odzola. Ndi osakaniza olimba (osachepera kutentha) omwe amadziwika kuti gel colloid ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera kuwira kwa ma collagens osiyanasiyana, monga cartilage. Ndi zotanuka komanso zotenthetsera kutentha: zimasungunuka m'madzi otentha ndikukhazikika kuzizira.

• Ikutsatira ndi: Zipangizo za Brittle