Zamkati
A chinyengoM'munda wamaganizidwe, ndikutsutsana kapena kulingalira komwe kumawoneka kovomerezeka pakuwona koyamba, koma sichoncho. Kaya adachita dala, pofuna kusokeretsa ena (chinyengo), kapena mopanda chidwi (paralogism), zabodza zakhala zikugwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, monga ndale, zonena, sayansi kapena chipembedzo.
Aristotle adatinso kukhalapo kwa mitundu khumi ndi itatu yabodza, koma lero tikudziwa kuchuluka kwakukulu komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagulu kuti timvetsetse. Mwambiri, a mkangano Sichidzakhala chabodza ngati chikhala chodalitsika kapena chodalirika, malo owona komanso oyenera, ndipo sichikugwirizana ndi mayitanidwe kupempha funso.
Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo Zachiweruzo Choona ndi Chabodza
Zitsanzo zabodza
Pempho la mfundo.
Ndi chinyengo chomwe chimadziwika ndikuti kumalizika kwa mkanganowo kuyesedwa kwathunthu kapena momveka bwino m'malo omwe alipo. Chifukwa chake ndi mawonekedwe amalingaliro ozungulira, pomwe mawu omaliza amaloza pamalowo. Mwachitsanzo: "Ndikunena zowona, chifukwa ndine bambo ako ndipo makolo ako nthawi zonse amakhala olondola."
Umboni wazotsatira zake.
Amatchedwanso kusintha cholakwika, Chinyengo ichi chimatsimikizira zowona zam'maganizo kuchokera kumapeto, zotsutsana ndi malingaliro olondola. Mwachitsanzo: "Nthawi iliyonse ikamagwa chipale chofewa, kuzizira. Monga kukuzizira, ndiye kukugwa chipale chofewa ”.
Kupanga mwachangu.
Chinyengo ichi chimachokera ndikutsimikizira kuti zinthu sizingakwanire, ndikufotokozera chifukwa chake. Mwachitsanzo: "Abambo amakonda broccoli. Mchemwali wanga amakonda broccoli. Banja lonse limakonda broccoli. "
Tumizani hoc ergo propter hoc.
Chinyengo ichi chidatchulidwa ndi mawu achilatini omwe amatanthauzira kuti "pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha izi" ndipo amadziwikanso kuti kulumikizana kwangozi kapena chifukwa chabodza. Mumanena kuti mathero ake ndiwongopeka chifukwa chophweka kuti zimachitika motsatizana. Mwachitsanzo: “Dzuwa limatuluka tambala akulira. Chifukwa chake, dzuwa limatuluka chifukwa tambala amalira ”.
Chinyengo cha Sniper.
Dzinalo limalimbikitsidwa ndi wowombela yemwe adawombera nkhokwe mwachisawawa kenako ndikujambula chandamale pa kugunda kulikonse, kulengeza cholinga chake chabwino. Chinyengo ichi chimakhala ndikuphatikiza zazidziwitso zosagwirizana mpaka zitakwaniritsa zovuta zina pakati pawo. Ikufotokozanso za kudzipangira. Mwachitsanzo: “Lero ndalota ndili ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Mu lottery nambala 3 idatuluka.Lotolo lidamuchenjeza chifukwa 1 + 2 = 3 ”.
Zowopsa za Scarecrow.
Amatchedwanso straw man fallacy, imapezeka mu caricature ya zotsutsana, kuti athane ndi mtundu wofooka wawo ndikuwonetsa kupambana kopikisana. Mwachitsanzo:
– Ndikuganiza kuti ana sayenera kutuluka mochedwa.
– Sindikuganiza kuti muyenera kumukhomera m'ndende mpaka atakula (kunama kwachinyengo)
Chinyengo chapadera.
Zimaphatikizapo kuneneza mdani kuti akusowa chidwi, chidziwitso kapena mphamvu kuti atenge nawo mbali pazokambirana, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti asayenerere kukhala woyenera kutsutsidwa. Mwachitsanzo:
– Sindikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo yamagetsi ndi madzi kuyambira tsiku limodzi kupita tsiku lotsatira.
– Zomwe zimachitika ndikuti simukumvetsetsa chilichonse chokhudza zachuma.
Chinyengo cha njira yabodza.
Amadziwika kuti hering'i wofiira (Red hering'i, mu Chingerezi), ikutanthauza kusunthira chidwi kuchokera pamtsutsano kupita pamutu wina, ngati njira yosangalatsa yomwe imabisa kufooka kwa mkangano womwewo. Mwachitsanzo:
– Kodi simukugwirizana ndi chigamulo chofuna kugwiriridwa? Kodi simusamala zomwe makolo zikwizikwi amaganiza za izi?
Kutsutsana kwa silentio.
Kukangana kuchokera pakukhala chete ndikunama komwe kumabweretsa kumaliza kuchokera pakukhala chete kapena kusowa kwa umboni, ndiye kuti, kuchokera chete kapena kukana kufotokoza zambiri za wotsutsana naye. Mwachitsanzo:
– Kodi mumalankhula bwino Chijeremani?
– Ndi chilankhulo chachiwiri kwa ine.
– Tiyeni tiwone, ndiwerengereni ndakatulo.
– Sindikudziwa aliyense.
– Chifukwa chake simudziwa Chijeremani.
Kutsutsana kwa Adentientiam.
Chinyengo chimenechi chimaphatikizapo kuyesa kutsimikizika kwa chiyembekezo potengera kufunikira kapena kosafunikira komaliza ndi zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo:
– Sindingakhale ndi pakati, ndikadakhala kuti, bambo akanandipha.
Kutsutsana kwa baculum.
Kukangana "komwe kumakopa ndodo" (m'Chilatini) ndichabodza chomwe chimatsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa malingaliro potengera ziwopsezo zachiwawa, kukakamizidwa kapena kuwopsezedwa kuti osavomereza angaimire wolankhulira kapena mdaniyo. Mwachitsanzo:
– Simuli amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mukadakhala kuti, sitinakhalebe abwenzi.
Kutsutsana kwa hominem.
Chinyengo ichi chimachotsa kuwukira kuchokera pazokangana za mdaniyo kupita kwa iyemwini, kuwapotoza ndikuwonjezera pa kuwukira kwawo. Mwachitsanzo:
– Ngongole zazitali zidzakonza kuchepa kwachuma.
– Mumanena izi chifukwa ndinu milionea ndipo simukudziwa zosowa.
Kutsutsana kutsutsana.
Amadziwikanso kuti kuyitanitsa kusazindikira, kumatsimikizira kutsimikizika kapena bodza lamalingaliro potengera kukhalapo kapena kusowa kwa umboni wotsimikizira. Chifukwa chake, kutsutsana sikokhazikitsidwa ndi chidziwitso chenicheni, koma kusazindikira kwaumwini kapena wotsutsa. Mwachitsanzo:
– Mukuti chipani chanu ndichachikulu? Sindikukhulupirira.
– Simungatsimikizire zina, ndiye zowona.
Kutsutsana kwa malonda a populum.
Zomwe zimadziwika kuti sophistist sophistry, zimatanthawuza kulingalira kovomerezeka kapena bodza lamalingaliro kutengera zomwe ambiri (enieni kapena akuganiza) amaganiza za izi. Mwachitsanzo:
– Sindimakonda chokoleti.
– Aliyense amakonda chokoleti.
Kutsutsana kutsatsa nauseam.
Chinyengo chomwe chimakhala kubwereza mawuwo, ngati kuti kukakamira chimodzimodzi kumatha kuyambitsa kapena kubodza. Ndi chinyengo chomwe chidafotokozedwa m'mawu odziwika a minisitala wofalitsa nkhani zabodza a Joseph Goebbels: "Bodza lomwe limabwerezedwa nthawi zikwi chimakhala chowonadi."
Kutsutsana kwa verecundiam.
Umatchedwanso "kutsutsana kwaulamuliro", umateteza kutsimikizika kapena bodza lamalingaliro potengera malingaliro a katswiri kapena wamkulu (weniweni kapena wonenedwa) pankhaniyi. Mwachitsanzo:
– Sindikuganiza kuti panali anthu ambiri pachionetserocho.
– Inde kumene. Manyuzipepala ananena izo.
Mtsutso wotsutsa zakale.
Chinyengo ichi chimakhala chokopa pachikhalidwe, ndiye kuti, chimatsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa maziko malinga ndi malingaliro amwambo pazinthu. Mwachitsanzo:
– Ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sungaloledwe, china chake chakhala chikuwoneka liti?
Kutsutsana kwa novitatem.
Wodziwika kuti wokopa zachilendo, ndizosiyana ndi kukopa miyambo, zikuwonetsa kutsimikizika kwa chiyembekezo potengera momwe sanasindikizidwe. Mwachitsanzo:
– Sindimakonda chiwonetserochi.
– Koma ngati ndi mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri!
Kutsutsana pamikhalidwe.
Ndi chinyengo chomwe chimapangitsa kuti kukanganaku kapena umboni wazomaliza, kuzilepheretsa kutsutsidwa chifukwa nawonso sanatsimikizidwe mokwanira. Zili ngati utolankhani ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mawu ambiri panjira. Mwachitsanzo:
– Wandaleyu akadapatutsa ndalama zaboma kuti zithandizire iye.
Zonama zachilengedwe.
Izi zimawonetsa kuti chowonadi kapena chabodza cha mawu, kuchokera pamalingaliro olakwika amtundu wina wamagulu amunthu (mwachitsanzo, omwe aponyedwa ndi ziwerengero) kwa aliyense wa iwo popanda kusiyanitsa, kulimbikitsa zofananira ndipo tsankho. Mwachitsanzo:
– M'modzi mwa achiwawa atatu ku United States ndi wakuda. Chifukwa chake, akuda amapezeka kuti amaba.
Itha kukutumikirani: Zitsanzo za Kukambitsirana
