Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya kuzindikira mabakiteriya ndi njira zamagulu ndi Tincture of Gram, idapangidwa ndi wasayansi waku Danish Christian Gram mu 1884 ndipo kuchokera pamenepo amatchedwa. Kodi imakhala ndi chiyani?
Zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezera mitundu yambiri ya nkhumba ndi mordants ku sampuli ya labotale, potero kukwaniritsa pini ya pinki kapena ya violet, kutengera mtundu wa mabakiteriya: a Gram yabwino Amayankha utoto ndipo amawoneka ofiirira pansi pa microscope; pomwe Galamu alibe amakana kudetsa ndipo amapangitsa kuti likhale lofiira kapena lofiira.
Kusiyana kumeneku poyankha kukuwonetsa mawonekedwe ena a envelopu ya selo, kuyambira gram zabwino Amakhala ndi peptidoglycan (murein) wosanjikiza, omwe amawapatsa mphamvu yolimbana nawo koma amawapangitsa kusunga utoto bwino kwambiri. Pulogalamu ya gramu zoipa, M'malo mwake, ali ndi ma lipid awiri mu emvulopu yawo, chifukwa chake amafunikira wosanjikiza kwambiri wa peptidoglycan ndipo, chifukwa chake, samadetsa mofananamo.
Njirayi imawulula za bakiteriya zachilengedwe, zothandiza pozindikira mitunduyo makamaka maantibayotiki ofunikira kuti athane nawo.
Ngakhale mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi magalamu ndi gulu losiyanasiyana, ndi kupezeka kwa zamoyo zamagetsi (ma flagellates) komanso photosynthetic, mabakiteriya omwe alibe gram ali amachititsa matenda ambiri oopsa kwambiri a bakiteriya.
Zitsanzo za mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi gramu
- Staphylococcus aureus. Amakhala ndi ma abscess, dermatitis, matenda opatsirana komanso gastroenteritis.
- Streptococcus pyrogenes. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana m'matumbo, komanso rheumatic fever.
- Streptococcus aglactiae. Kawirikawiri pakakhala vuto la kubadwa kwa khanda, endometritis ndi chibayo.
- Streptococcus faecalis. Nthawi zonse pamatenda a biliary ndi kwamikodzo, amakhala mumatumbo a anthu.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae. Amayambitsa chibayo ndi matenda am'mapapo, komanso otitis, meningitis ndi peritonitis.
- Streptococcus sanguis. Causative ya endocarditis, ikalowa m'magazi kudzera zotupa m'malo mwake, mkamwa ndi mucosa wamazinyo.
- Clostridium tetani. Mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa tetanasi amalowa m'thupi kuchokera pansi kupyola pamavuto mpaka kumapeto.
- Bacillus matenda. Ndi bakiteriya wodziwika bwino wa anthrax, m'mitundu yake yocheperako komanso yamapapu.
- Clostridium botullinum. Zomwe zimayambitsa botulism wakale komanso wakhanda, zimakhala m'nthaka komanso chakudya chosasungidwa bwino.
- Clostridium imabowola. Bacteria ameneyu amatulutsa poizoni yemwe amawononga khoma la khungu, ndipo amachititsa ma grenous gangrenes, necrotizing enteritis, ndi endometritis.
Zitsanzo za mabakiteriya omwe alibe gramu
- Neisseria meningitidis. Mabakiteriya owopsa omwe amayambitsa matenda a meningitis ndi meningococcemia, amathandizira kupuma kwa anthu ndikukwera kumayendedwe kudzera m'magazi.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Amadziwika kuti ndi omwe amayambitsa matenda a chinzonono, matenda opatsirana pogonana.
- Escherichia coli. Wokhalamo wanthawi zonse m'matumbo a anthu, amatenga nawo gawo lotchedwa "kutsekula m'mimba", komanso matenda a khanda lobadwa kumene, sepsis ndi matenda amikodzo.
- Salmonella typhi. Mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa matenda otchedwa typhoid fever, nthawi zambiri amapatsirana ndi chimbudzi pakamwa: kuipitsidwa kwamadzi, kutaya bwino zimbudzi kapena ukhondo wolakwika.
- Salmonella enteritidis. Nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa enterocoitis ndi septicemia ndi ma abscess ngati zimadutsa m'matumbo kupita m'magazi.
- Haemophilus influenzae. Kawirikawiri aerobic bacillus, ndi amene amachititsa meninjaitisi ambiri, otitis, sinusitis, bronchopneumonia, cellulitis ndi septic nyamakazi.
- Bordetella pertussis. Choyambitsa matenda omwe amadziwika kuti chifuwa chachikulu, komanso kufa kwamwana wakhanda.
- Brucella kuchotsa mimba. Imayambitsa brucellosis, matenda a ng'ombe yomwe imafalikira kwa munthu ndikakumana ndi nyama kapena pomwa mkaka wosagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Francisella tularensis. Ndi omwe amatchedwa "kalulu malungo" kapena tularemia, imafalikira kwa anthu ndi ma vectors (nthata kapena mitundu ina ya exoparasites) ya akalulu, agwape ndi nyama zofananira.
- Pasteurella multocida. Anaerobic bacillus, wofalitsidwa ndi kuluma kwa ziweto zomwe zili ndi kachilombo, monga amphaka ndi agalu. Imafalikira kudzera pakhungu ndipo imayambitsa matenda, komanso kupangitsa cellulite.
