Wolemba mwa Munthu Woyamba, Wachiwiri ndi Wachitatu

Zamkati

• Mitundu ya wolemba nkhani
• Zitsanzo za wolemba nkhani woyamba
• Zitsanzo za wolemba nkhani wachiwiri
• Zitsanzo za wolemba nkhani wachitatu

Pulogalamu ya wolemba nkhani ndi bungwe lomwe limafotokoza nkhani. Ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa wolemba nkhani ndi wolemba weniweni. Wofotokozayu siumunthu weniweni koma ndiwosadziwika. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zina wofotokozayo atha kukhala wotchulidwa m'nkhaniyo, ndiye kuti ndi munthu wongopeka.

Ofotokozera amatha kusankhidwa malinga ndi munthu yemwe amamugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pofotokoza. Munthu wachitatu (iye / iwo), munthu wachiwiri (inu / inu, inu), munthu woyamba (ine / ife).

• Munthu woyamba. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zomwe zidachitikazo kuchokera pomwe protagonist kapena m'modzi mwa otchulidwa m'nkhaniyi. Pazochitikazi timayankhula za wofotokozera wamkati, ndiye kuti, ali mdziko longoyerekeza la nkhaniyo.
• Munthu wachiwiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga womvera weniweni kapena wowerengera kapena wowerenga. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazokambirana, koma zikatero ndiye kuti si wolemba nkhani amene amalankhula.
• Munthu wachitatu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati simukufuna kuphatikizira wolemba nkhaniyo pazomwe mukuwuzidwazo.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zolemba za munthu wachitatu sizingaphatikizepo munthu wachiwiri komanso woyamba. Komabe, pakakhala wolemba nkhani wachiwiri kapena woyamba, zidule zambiri za anthu achitatu zimaphatikizidwanso, monga tionera mu zitsanzo.

Mitundu ya wolemba nkhani

Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu itatu itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya wofotokozera malinga ndi chidziwitso cha zomwe amafotokoza:

• Wolemba nkhani wodziwa zonse. Akudziwa zonse za nkhaniyi ndikuziwulula pamene nkhani ikupita. Zimangotulutsa osati zochita zokha komanso malingaliro ndi malingaliro a anthu otchulidwa, ngakhale zokumbukira zawo. Wolembayo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito munthu wachitatu ndipo amatchedwa "extradiegetic" chifukwa sikuti ndi adziko lapansi lodziwika (diegesis).
• Wolemba mboni. Ndiwopezeka m'nkhaniyi koma samalowererapo mwachindunji pazochitikazo. Amanena zomwe adaziwona komanso zomwe adauzidwa. Zitha kuphatikizira malingaliro pazomwe anthu ena akumva kapena kuganiza, koma sizotsimikizika. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito munthu wachitatu ndipo nthawi zina munthu woyamba.
• Wolemba wamkulu. Nena nkhani yako yomwe. Amalongosola zochitikazo momwe amaonera, amagawana zakukhosi kwake, malingaliro ake ndi zokumbukira zake, koma sakudziwa zomwe anthu ena amaganiza. Mwanjira ina, chidziwitso chake ndi chochepa poyerekeza ndi wolemba nkhani wodziwa zonse. Amagwiritsa ntchito munthu woyamba komanso munthu wachitatu.
• Wolemba nkhani wofanana. Ngakhale amafotokoza mwa munthu wachitatu, chidziwitso chake ndi chimodzimodzi ndi m'modzi mwa otchulidwa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachinsinsi kapena nkhani za apolisi, limodzi ndi wofufuzayo pozindikira pang'ono pang'ono zowonazo.
• Wolemba nkhani wa Encyclopedic. Sizimapezeka kawirikawiri m'mabuku azopeka, koma ndizolemba kapena zachuma. Zoonadi zimafotokozedwa mopanda tsankho koposa. Nthawi zonse lembani mwa munthu wachitatu.
• Wolemba osauka. Chidziwitso chomwe chimafalitsa ndi chochepa poyerekeza ndi cha otchulidwa. Imangofotokoza zomwe zimawoneka kapena kumva, popanda kutumiza malingaliro kapena momwe akumvera.
• Wolemba angapo. Nkhani yomweyi imatha kufotokozedwa pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana. Izi zitha kuperekedwa, mwachitsanzo, pakupatulira chaputala kwa wofotokozera mboni aliyense, kapena wolemba nkhani wosavuta yemwe amafotokozera zomwe zidachitika mwa munthu wachitatu, woyamba kufotokoza zomwe zadziwika kwa m'modzi mwa otchulidwawo ndikufotokozera zomwe zimadziwika kwa wina wa otchulidwa.

Zitsanzo za wolemba nkhani woyamba

1. Chuma chabwino cha wokhala lendi chophimba, Arthur Conan Doyle (wolemba nkhani)

Ngati mungaganize kuti a Holmes anali akuchita ntchito yawo kwazaka makumi awiri, ndikuti kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri za zaka zimenezo ndinaloledwa kugwira naye ntchito ndikuwonetsetsa zomwe akuchita, ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa kuti ndili ndi zambiri kutaya. Vuto langa lakhala nthawi zonse kusankha, osazindikira. Apa ndili ndi mindandanda yayitali yazaka zomwe zimakhala pa shelufu, ndipo kumeneko ndili ndi mabokosi omwe ali ndi zikalata zomwe zimapanga chowonadi cha iwo omwe akufuna kudzipereka kuti aphunzire osati zachiwawa zokha, komanso zandale komanso maboma Gawo lomaliza la izo anali wopambana. Ponena za omalizawa, ndikufuna kunena kwa iwo omwe amandilembera makalata ovutitsa, kundipempha kuti ndisakhudze ulemu wamabanja awo kapena dzina labwino la makolo awo otchuka, kuti sayenera kuchita mantha. Kuzindikira komanso ulemu waukadaulo womwe nthawi zonse umasiyanitsa bwenzi langa ukupitilizabe kundisankhira ntchito posankha zikumbutsozi, ndipo kulimba mtima konse kudzaperekedwa.

1. Ulendo wa Gulliver wopita ku Lilliput, Jonathan Swift (wolemba wamkulu)

Ndinkagwira ntchito ya udokotala pa zombo ziwiri motsatizana ndipo kwa zaka zoposa zisanu ndi chimodzi ndinayenda maulendo angapo opita ku East ndi West Indies, zomwe zinandilola kuwonjezera chuma changa. Ndinkakhala nthawi yanga yopuma ndikuwerenga olemba akale kwambiri komanso amakono, popeza nthawi zonse ndimakhala ndi mabuku ambiri. Ndili pamtunda, ndinaphunzira miyambo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo ndinayesetsa kuphunzira chilankhulo chawo, zomwe zimandikumbutsa.

1. Kukumbukira nthaka yapansi, Fyodor Dostoevsky (wolemba wamkulu)

Ngakhale pano, patadutsa zaka zambiri, chikumbukirocho chimakhala chowonekera modabwitsa komanso chosokoneza. Ndimakumbukira zinthu zambiri zosasangalatsa, koma ... bwanji osasokoneza zikumbukirozi pano? Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti kunali kulakwitsa kuwayambitsa. Komabe ndakhala ndikuchita manyazi nthawi yonse yomwe ndidawalembera, chifukwa chake si mabuku koma chilango ndi chitetezero.

1. Zimasangalatsa zosaiwalika, Jorge Luis Borges (wolemba nkhani)

Ndimamukumbukira, nkhope yaku India yakupsa komanso patali, kuseli kwa ndudu. Ndikukumbukira (ndikuganiza) manja ake oluka. Ndikukumbukira pafupi ndi manja awo mnzanga, wokhala ndi zida zaku Banda Oriental; Ndikukumbukira pawindo la nyumbayo mphasa wachikaso, wokhala ndi nyanja yosadziwika. Ndimakumbukira bwino mawu ake; mawu odekha, okwiya, amphuno am'nyanja yakunyanja, opanda malikhweru aku Italiya amakono.

1. Nyenyeswa, Juan José Arreola (wolemba wamkulu)

Tsiku lomwe Beatriz ndi ine tidayenda m'ndende yonyansayo pamsewu, ndidazindikira kuti mbozi zowopsa ndizo zomwe zidandibisira.

Zitsanzo za wolemba nkhani wachiwiri

1.  Kukumbukira zakumbuyo, Fiodos Dostoevsky

Yesani nokha; pemphani ufulu wambiri. Tengani aliyense, tsegulani manja ake, yonjezerani gawo lanu la ntchito, kumasula malangizo, ndipo… chabwino, ndikhulupirireni, mudzafunanso kuti chilango chomwecho chidzaperekedwe kwa inu. Ndikudziwa kuti zomwe ndikunenazi zikukwiyitsani, kuti zipangitsani kuti mugwere pansi.

1.  Wokondedwa John, Nicholas amathetheka

Munthawi yathu limodzi, mudakhala ndi malo apadera mumtima mwanga omwe ndidzanyamula mpaka kalekale ndipo palibe amene angalowe m'malo mwake.

1. Ngati usiku umodzi wachisanu munthu wapaulendo, Alotalo Calvino

Osati kuti mukuyembekezera chilichonse m'buku lino. Ndiwe munthu amene samayembekezeranso chilichonse. Pali ambiri, ocheperako kapena ocheperako, omwe amabwera kudzayembekezera zokumana modabwitsa; m'mabuku, anthu, maulendo, zochitika, zomwe mawa limakusungirani. Simunga. Mukudziwa kuti chiyembekezo chabwino ndikupewa zoyipa. Izi ndizomwe mwakwaniritsa, m'moyo waumwini komanso pazinthu zina komanso ngakhale mdziko lapansi.

1. Aura, Carlos Fuentes

Mumayenda, nthawi ino monyansidwa, kupita pachifuwa pomwe makoswe amadzaza, maso awo owoneka bwino amawonekera pakati pa matabwa owola pansi, amapitilira kumabowo otseguka a khoma losanjikizana. Mumatsegula chifuwa ndikuchotsa chopereka chachiwiri. Mumabwerera kuphazi la kama; Mayi Consuelo akusisita kalulu wawo woyera.

1. Kalata yopita kwa mtsikana wina ku Paris, Julio Cortazar

Mukudziwa chifukwa chomwe ndidabwerera kunyumba kwanu, kuchipinda chanu chodekha chopemphedwa masana. Chilichonse chimawoneka ngati chachilengedwe, monga nthawi zonse pamene chowonadi sichikudziwika. Mwapita ku Paris, ndidakhala ndi dipatimenti pa Suipacha Street, tidafotokoza dongosolo losavuta komanso lokwaniritsa loti akhalebe mpaka Seputembala akubwezeretseni ku Buenos Aires.

Zitsanzo za wolemba nkhani wachitatu

1. Usana wamasana, Julio Cortázar (wolemba nkhani wodziwa zambiri)

Pakatikati mwa khwalala lalitali la hoteloyo, adaganiza kuti kwada ndipo adathamangira kumsewu ndikutenga njinga yamoto pakona pomwe wapakhomo yemwe adamulola kuti ayisunge. Ku sitolo yodzikongoletsera pakona adawona kuti panali mphindi khumi mpaka 9; amatha kufika komwe amapita nthawi yayitali. Dzuwa limasefera nyumba zazitali zomwe zili pakatikati, ndipo iye - chifukwa kwa iye yekha, kuganiza, analibe dzina - wokwera pamakina, kusangalala ndi ulendowo. Njinga idadutsa pakati pa miyendo yake, ndipo mphepo yozizira idawomba pa buluku lake.

1.  Simumva agalu akuwa, Juan Rulfo

Mkuluyo adabwerera m'mbuyo mpaka adakumana ndi khoma ndikutsamira pamenepo, osasiya katunduyo paphewa pake. Ngakhale miyendo yake inali yopindika, sanafune kukhala pansi, chifukwa pambuyo pake sakanatha kukweza thupi la mwana wake, yemwe adathandizidwa kuti aliyike kumbuyo kwake. Ndipo zinali choncho kuyambira nthawi imeneyo.

1. Bwino kuposa kuyatsa, Clarice Lispector

Adalowa mgululi pomangirira banja: amafuna kumuwona atetezedwa pachifuwa cha Mulungu. Iye anamvera.

1. Nthenga ya nthenga, Horacio Quiroga.

Kukwatiwa kwawo kunali kozizira kwambiri. Blond, angelo komanso wamanyazi, mawonekedwe olimba amwamuna wake adaziziritsa chibwenzi chake cholota. Amamukonda kwambiri, komabe, nthawi zina amanjenjemera pang'ono pomwe, pobwerera mumsewu usiku, adangoyang'ana kutalika kwa msinkhu wa Jordan, osalankhula kwa ola limodzi.

1. Nyimbo ya Peronelle, Juan José Arreola

Kuchokera pamunda wake wamaluwa wowoneka bwino wa maapulo, Peronelle de Armentières adamuyendetsa ulendo wake woyamba wachikondi ku Maestro Guillermo. Anaika mavesiwo mudengu la zipatso zonunkhira, ndipo uthengawo unagwa ngati dzuwa la kasupe pa moyo wamdima wa ndakatuloyi.

• Pitirizani ndi: Zolemba

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