Zamkati
- Mitundu yolemba
- Zizindikiro zapadera
- Zitsanzo za mawu achidule
- Zitsanzo zazitali zolembedwa
- Kutanthauzira kapena kutanthauzira mawu?
- Zitsanzo za kutanthauzira
A kutanthauzira mawu Ndi mtundu wa zokongoletsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti owerenga amvetsetse kuti zomwe zikunenedwa ndi mawu a wina. Izi zimatchedwa onaninso, ndipo zimathandiza owerenga kudziwa nthawi yomwe amawerenga wolemba komanso akawerenga zolemba zomwe wolemba adasanthula, komanso zimamupatsanso makiyi azidziwitso kuti athe kupita ku buku loyambirira kuti akapitilize kuzama.
Nthawi zonse tikatenga lingaliro lomwe lasindikizidwa kale ndikuligwiritsa ntchito, kapena ngati tifufuza kuti tipeze malingaliro athu, tiyenera kuwerengera komwe chilichonse chimachokera ndikusiyanitsa zomwe tili ndi zachilendo. Kupanda kutero, tidzakhala tikupanga a kubera ena, kusakhulupirika kwanzeru komwe kumatha kubweretsa zilango ndi mavuto. Kunamizira ena ndi mtundu wina wa kuba.
Malembedwe onse awiri komanso malembedwe omaliza amalemba adakonzedwa motsatira njira zofananira. Odziwika kwambiri ndi APA (American Psychological Association) ndi MLA (kuchokera ku English: Association of Modern Languages).
- Itha kukuthandizani: Zolemba pamabuku
Mitundu yolemba
- Mawu achidule (osachepera mawu 40). Ayenera kuphatikizidwamo, osasokoneza mayendedwe ake kapena kapangidwe kake. Ayenera kutsekedwa ndi zilembo (zomwe zimawonetsa chiyambi ndi kutha kwa zolembedwa zoyambirira), limodzi ndi zomwe zalembedwazo:
- Chaka chofalitsa bukuli. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri ngati pali mabuku angapo omwe adatchulidwa ndi wolemba yemweyo, chifukwa amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi chaka.
- Chiwerengero cha masamba omwe atchulidwa. Kawirikawiri patsogolo pa chidule "p." kapena "p." Pankhani yamasamba angapo, woyamba ndi womaliza azitchulidwa, olekanitsidwa ndi mzere wafupi: pp. 12-16. Pankhani yamasamba osiyana koma osasiya, makasitomala adzagwiritsidwa ntchito: pp. 12, 16.
- Dzina lomaliza la wolemba. Nthawi zina, ngati dzinalo lakhala likutchulidwa asanatchulidwe kapena zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi za ndani, zidziwitsozi sizingasiyidwe m'mabuku.
- Zolemba zazitali (Mawu 40 kapena kupitilira apo). Kutalika kwazitali kuyenera kuyikidwa m'ndime yosiyana, yopatukana ndi malire akumanzere a tsambalo ndi ma tabu awiri (2) opanda cholumikizira ndi mfundo imodzi yocheperako kukula kwake. Poterepa, zilembo za mtundu uliwonse sizifunikira, koma mutasankhidwa zomwe mukulembazo ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi zomwe zatchulidwazi.
Zizindikiro zapadera
M'magawo onse awiriwa, zina mwazizindikiro, chidule kapena zilembo zotsatirazi zitha kuwoneka:
- Mabotolo []. Kuwonekera pakati pamalingaliro amfupi kapena atali a mawu m'mabokosi nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kuti mawu pakati pawo siali gawo la mawuwo, koma ndi a wofufuza, yemwe amakakamizidwa kuti afotokoze china chake kapena kuwonjezera china chake kuti athe kumvetsetsa bwino.
- Ibid. kapena ibid. Mawu achilatini omwe amatanthauza "ofanana" ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera kuti owerenga kuti mawuwo ndi a buku lomweli lomwe talitchula kale.
- cit. Mawu achi Latin awa amatanthauza "ntchito yotchulidwa" ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuli ntchito imodzi yokha wolemba, motero kupewa kubwereza mwatsatanetsatane (popeza nthawi zonse amafanana), kusiyanitsa nambala yamasamba.
- Et. kwa. Chidulechi chachilatini chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba ndi wolemba wamkulu komanso othandizira ambiri, ambiri kuti sangatchulidwe chonse. Chifukwa chake, dzina lomaliza la wamkuluyo limatchulidwa ndipo limatsagana ndi chidule ichi.
- Ellipsis (…). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa kwa owerenga kuti pali gawo la zolembedwazo, mwina asanayambe mawuwo, pambuyo pake, kapena pakati pake. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolembapo.
Zitsanzo za mawu achidule
- Monga tikuonera pakufufuza kwa Foucault (2001), lingaliro lamisala ndichimodzi mwazifukwa, popeza "palibe chitukuko chopanda misala" (p. 45).
- Kuphatikiza apo, "chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Latin America chimafika pachimake poyerekeza mayendedwe andale komanso amalonda, osati monga ku Europe, ochokera kumayiko ena" (Jorrinsky, 2015, p. 8).
- Mwanjira imeneyi, ndikosavuta kupita ku psychoanalysis: "Chiphunzitso chodzidziwitsa chokha chifukwa chakulowerera kwa chilankhulo mwa munthu" (Tournier, 2000, p. 13).
- Izi ndi zomwe a Elena Vinelli amatsimikizira m'mawu ake oyamba a ntchito ya Elena Vinelli, pomwe akutsimikizira kuti "Ndi mamangidwe azikhalidwe za amuna ndi akazi omwe amasiyanitsa kugonjera kwachikazi kuchokera pachimuna" (2000, p. 5), kutipatsa kuti timvetsetse zachikazi mawonekedwe ofananirana ndi buku la Sara Gallardo.
- Palibe zambiri zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuchokera kufufuzaku, kupatula "kukhumudwitsidwa kwakanthawi kopeza chowonadi chosayembekezereka" monga ananenera Evers (2005, tsamba 12) mu magazini yake yotchuka yofufuza.
Zitsanzo zazitali zolembedwa
- Chifukwa chake, titha kuwerenga mu buku la Gallardo (2000):
… Koma amayi nthawi zonse amapita m'magulu. Ndinabisala ndikudikirira. La Mauricia amadutsa ndi mtsuko wake ndipo ndidamukoka. Tsiku lililonse pambuyo pake amathawa kundipeza, akunjenjemera ndi mantha a amuna awo, nthawi zina molawirira kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina mochedwa, kupita kumalo omwe ndimadziwa. Mnyumba yomwe ndidapanga ndi dzanja langa, kuti ndikhale ndi mkazi wanga, mu mission ya ku gringo yaku Norway amakhala ndi amuna awo. (tsamba 57)
- Kwa izi ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa masomphenya a wolemba waku France:
M'zipembedzo zapadziko lonse lapansi, monga Chikhristu ndi Chibuda, mantha ndi mseru zimathawa pamoto wauzimu. Tsopano, moyo wamzimuwu, womwe umakhazikitsidwa ndikukhazikitsa zoletsa zoyambirira, komabe uli ndi tanthauzo la phwandolo ... (Bataille, 2001, p. 54)
- Kulemba kumapanga msonkhano ndi mfundo zosagwirizana pazamaganizidwe abwino kwambiri komanso achikondi pazokhudza zolemba, ndipo zitha kukhala zosiyana monga zomwe Sontag (2000) adalemba:
Apa pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Kuwerenga ndi ntchito, malonda omwe, pochita, amayenera kukhala katswiri. Monga wolemba, zomwe munthu amapeza ndizoyamba kusatsimikizika komanso nkhawa. (tsamba 7)
- Lingaliro ili "kukhala" likhoza kupezeka labalalika mu ntchito za wafilosofi. Komabe, kufotokoza kwake kukuwoneka ngati nkhani yovuta:
Kukhala sikukutsanzira, kapena kuchita ngati, kapena kusintha mtundu, ukhale wachilungamo kapena chowonadi. Palibe nthawi yoyambira, kapena kufikira kapena kufikira. Kapena mawu awiri omwe amasinthana. Funso, moyo wanu ndi uti? Ndizopusa makamaka, popeza momwe munthu amakhalira, zomwe zimasinthiratu momwe iye (…) Makina oyambira amatha: mafunso-mayankho, wamwamuna-wamkazi, wamwamuna-nyama, ndi zina zambiri. (Deleuze, 1980, tsamba 6)
- Chifukwa chake, m'makalata apakati pa Freud ndi Albert Einstein, ndizotheka kuwerenga izi:
… Ndinu wamng'ono kwambiri kuposa ine, ndipo ndikhulupilira kuti mukafika msinkhu wanga mudzakhala m'gulu la "othandizira" anga. Popeza sindidzakhala mdziko lino kuti nditsimikizire izi, ndikungoyembekezera kukhutitsidwa kumeneko tsopano. Mukudziwa zomwe ndikuganiza tsopano: "Ndikuyembekezera monyadira ulemu wapamwambawu, tsopano ndikusangalala nawo ..." [Awa ndi mawu ochokera ku Goethe's Faust] (1932, p. 5).
Kutanthauzira kapena kutanthauzira mawu?
Kufotokozera ndikutanthauzira kumasulira kwachilendo, kotchulidwa m'mawu a wolemba watsopano. Poterepa, wofufuza amawerenga malingaliro a wolemba wina kenako amafotokoza m'mawu akeake, osaleka kunena kuti amene adafanana nawo adalemba.
Nthawi zina, dzina la wolemba limafotokozedwapo m'mabulaketi kuti mufotokozere kuti malingaliro si awo.
Mawu ogwidwawo, mbali inayi, ndi ngongole yochokera m'malemba oyambirira, momwe mawu omwe atchulidwayo sanalowerere kapena kusinthidwa konse. Pazochitika zonsezi, kulembedwa kwa zolemba zoyambirira kumalemekezedwa: kunyengerera sichinthu chovomerezeka.
Zitsanzo za kutanthauzira
- Monga zanenedwa mokwanira m'mabuku ambiri a fizikiki, malamulo amthambo am'chilengedwe omwe anthu amakono amafufuza ndikumvetsetsa amakhala osinthasintha komanso achibale (Einstein, 1960) kuposa momwe amalingalira kale.
- Komabe, sizikutanthauza kuti malingaliro atsopanowa abwera kuchokera ku mapiko osamalitsa kwambiri amtundu wa anthu, koma kuti ali ndi gawo lina lachilendo ku Latin America lero polimbana ndi mapiko akumapiko akumanzere (Vargas Llosa, 2006) omwe adauzinga .nthawi yotchedwa "zaka khumi".
- Tiyenera kudziwa kuti, komabe, nthawi zina chinthu ndichinthu osati china chilichonse (Freud, cit.), Chifukwa chake ndikosavuta kudziwa momwe mungathetsere kutanthauzira kwa psychoanalytic kwaukadaulo munthawiyo, musanalowe muzomwe mukudziwa.
- Zochitika za anthropological ku Southeast Asia, monga akatswiri ambiri ananenera kale, zili ndi zinthu zazikhalidwe zazing'ono zomwe zimapangitsa kukopa alendo ochokera kuchikhalidwe cha hegemonic (Coites et. Al., 1980), koma osati kwa omwe amakhala nawo pafupi.
- Kuphatikiza apo, Bataille adanenanso za izi, kusiya malingaliro ake kuchokera pakukopa kwanyumba ya Rom-Romantics, ntchito yotsutsa monga kulamula ndi kupondereza chidwi cha zachiwawa (Bataille, 2001).
- Onani zambiri: Kufotokozera
