Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya matope Ndikudzikundikira kwa zinthu zolimba, zoyambitsidwa ndi chilengedwe kapena zoyeserera.
Zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kukokoloka kwamiyala zimatha kunyamulidwa ndi othandizira osiyanasiyana (mphepo, madzi, madzi oundana) kupita kumalo komwe adayikirako. Kusungika kosalekeza kwa zida, kumapangitsa kuti kudzikundikira, kutanthauza matope.
Pulogalamu ya mphamvu yokoka imalowererapo pakuchita matope, chifukwa ndimphamvu yomwe imapangitsa kuti zida, zoyimitsidwa mphepo kapena madzi, zigwerenso.
Komabe, mphamvu yokoka imalowererapo limodzi ndi mphamvu zina. Pulogalamu ya Stokes lamulo akunena kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhazikika mosavuta ngati takwaniritsa chilichonse mwazinthu izi:
- Kukula kwakukulu kwa tinthu.
- Kulemera kwenikweni kwolimba poyerekeza ndi madzi omwe adayimitsidwa.
- M'munsi kukhuthala kwa sing'anga madzi. Izi zikutanthauza, mwachitsanzo, kuti tinthu tofanana kukula kwake ndi mphamvu yokoka imakhazikika mwachangu m'madzi kuposa mafuta.
Kutsekemera kumachitika pamene wothandizirayo atumiza zinthuzo ataya mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, mphepo ikasiya kapena kuyenda kwa mtsinje kumachepa.
Kudzikundikira kwa zinthu zatsopano pakupezeka kwa chinthu china kumatchedwa kusuntha ndipo ndi mawonekedwe a matope.
Pali malo enieni padziko lapansi pomwe matope amadzipezera, chifukwa chamalo okhala. Malo awa amatchedwa sedimentary media kapena mapangidwe a sedimentary ndipo amasiyana ndi madera onse oyandikana, pathupi, mankhwala ndi chilengedwe. Sedimentary media itha kukhala kontinenti, yosintha, kapena yam'madzi.
Kupatula kukhala a zochitika zachilengedwe, matope amatha kuberekanso moyenerera. Mukazichita pansi pa labotale amathanso kutchedwa kuchotsa, ndipo imakhala ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa tinthu tomwe timayimitsidwa zomwe zimakhala zolemera kwambiri kuposa sing'anga madzi.
Zitsanzo za matope
- Kuyeretsa madzi . Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kuwundana ndi kusintha kwamachitidwe (omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe m'magazi koma amapangidwa m'madzi).
- Chithandizo cha zimbudzi (sedimentation yokumba): The nkhani yolimba, organic kapena ayi, kuchokera m'madzi. Dothi limapangitsa kuti muchepetse pakati pa 40 ndi 60% yazolimba zoyimitsidwa.
- Msampha wamchenga (yokumba sedimentation): Pali dothi lotchedwa discrete kapena granular. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhazikika ngati mayunitsi, popanda kulumikizana (mosiyana ndi kuwundana).
- Alluvium: Pakati pa dziko lapansi. Zinthu zolimba zimanyamulidwa ndikuyika pamtsinje wamadzi. Zolimba izi (zomwe zitha kukhala mchenga, miyala, dongo kapena silt), zimadziunjikira m'mitsinje, m'zigwa momwe kusefukira kwachitika kapena kudera.
- Muluvu: mphepo yamkuntho (madera ozungulira nyanja). Milu ndi mchenga womwe umabwera chifukwa cha mphepo. Amatha kufika kutalika mpaka mamita 15.
- Zilumba za sedimentary: Mitsinje imanyamula zinthu zolimba zoimitsidwa m'madzi, koma popeza sizimayenda nthawi yomweyo, zolimba zimatha kusungidwa m'malo ena, ndikupanga zisumbu. Ndi mbali ya deltas koma amathanso kupezeka kutali ndi kamtsinje.
- Ma Moraines (Continental glacial sedimentation): Mwanaine ndiye kudzikundikira kwa dothi lopangidwa ndi madzi oundana. Popeza kuti madzi oundana ambiri ochokera kumtunda wa madzi oundana kulibenso, ma moraines amatha kupezeka m'zigwa zomwe zidapangidwa ndi madzi oundana omwe kulibeko.
- Miyala ya Geological (malo okhala m'nyanja): Ndi malo omwe amapezeka ndi momwe zamoyo zina zimayendera ndi chilengedwe chawo. Amathandizidwa ndi chimango. Mwachitsanzo, miyala yamchere yamchere ndi kuchuluka kwa miyala yamchere yamchere ndi calcareous algae yomwe imakula pamwamba pa inzake.
- Delta (chosinthika sedimentary medium): Ndi pakamwa pa mtsinje womwe chifukwa chake chimagawika m'magulu angapo omwe amalekanitsidwa ndikubweranso, ndikupanga zilumba ndi njira. Zilumbazi zikapangidwa ndi matope, madzi amatsegula njira zatsopano zopitilira ulendo wawo, ndikupanga zida ndi njira zatsopano.
- Zigwa (malo okhala pansi panyanja): Ndi malo omwe ali pakati pa 200 ndi 4000 mita pansi pamadzi. Amapangidwa ndi kudzikundikira kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera kumakontinenti, chifukwa champhamvu yamafunde am'madzi. Zipangizozi zimapanga zigwa, mapiri, ndi maphompho. Kawirikawiri zimakhala ngati chigwa chotsetsereka, mu ndege zofanana ndi masitepe.
