Zitsanzo 10 za Mphamvu Zina - Encyclopedia

Kanema: Black Missionaries Evison Matafale - Chauta waphamvu

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Gulu la mphamvu zina
Zitsanzo za mphamvu zina

Pulogalamu yamphamvu zina kapena, kunena bwino, magwero ena amagetsi ndi njira ndi njira zopezera mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito zina kupatula zomwe zimawoneka ngati zachikale kapena zachikhalidwe, monga kuwotcha mafuta (mafuta, malasha, gasi).

Otsatirawa, ochokera ku Industrial Revolution, akugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma chifukwa cha zovuta zake zachilengedwe komanso kusakhazikika kwamisika yake yopangira zinthu, kuthekera kopanga mphamvu zotetezeka, zodalirika komanso zachuma zikutsatiridwa. Awa adzakhala, munjira imeneyi, mphamvu zina.

Palibe mgwirizano kuti ndi njira ziti zopezera mphamvu zomwe zili mgulu la "njira zina", kuyambira pamenepo ena amagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa potanthauza mphamvu zachilengedwe kapena mphamvu "yobiriwira"pamene ena amawapeza okwanira kuti ndi osiyana ndi kuwotcha mafuta, monga mphamvu yamagetsi yoweyula mphamvu ya nyukiliya.

Nthawi imeneyo anatuluka m'ma 70s, pakakhala zovuta zachilengedwe komanso umboni waukadaulo wapadziko lapansi komanso kusintha kwa zachilengedwe nyama ndi ndiwo zamasamba zinayamba kuwonekera kwa anthu.

Gulu la mphamvu zina

Njira zina zamagetsi, kwakukulu, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

Zowonjezeredwa kapena zopitilira muyeso zamagetsi. Magwero obwezeretsedwanso ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosatha kapena zinthu zomwe sizingathe kapena zoperekedwa m'chilengedwe, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe kapena ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zikadaperekedwera chilengedwe. Ali ndi vuto loti asakhale opindulitsa.
Mphamvu zama atomiki. Mgulu lachiwirili ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya yotsutsana, yomwe ikuyimira mlandu wovuta, chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito mwayi zosagwiritsika ntchito (ma atomic reaction monga uranium) komanso imabweretsa zoopsa zambiri zachilengedwe, monga kutaya zinyalala za nyukiliya komanso ngozi za nyukiliya zomwe zingachitike mu zomera. Komabe, ndiwodalirika ndipo samakhudza kwenikweni kusintha kwa nyengo kuposa kuwotcha ma hydrocarboni.

Zitsanzo za mphamvu zina

Kutulutsa mphamvu za nyukiliya. Imodzi mwamagawo awiri amagetsi a atomiki omwe amadziwika ndi munthu, amaphatikizapo kupatukana kapena kugawanika kwa atomu yazinthu zolemera monga uranium. Izi zimapangitsa kuyanjana komwe kumatulutsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya caloric ndi radiation, komanso zinthu zowopsa monga plutonium; koma kuyang'aniridwa moyenera kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwira madzi omwe nthunzi yake imapangitsa ma turbine ndikupanga magetsi. Mwa chikhalidwe ichi, koma chosalamulirika, ndizochita za bomba la atomiki m'mizinda yaku Japan ya Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki mu 1945.
Mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Njira yachiwiri yodziwika yokhudzana ndi zida za nyukiliya ndiyomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga bomba la H-bomba kapena bomba la haidrojeni. Izi zimachitika ndi makina osemphana ndi fission, ndiye kuti, kulumikizana kwa ma atomu awiri a chinthu chowala monga hydrogen, kutulutsa mphamvu zowonjezereka komanso ma radiation, komanso zinthu zopangira zolemera monga helium. Ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika mu nyenyezi zakumwamba.
Mphamvu ya mphepo. Mphamvu ya mphepo yakhala ikutsagana ndi munthu kuyambira nthawi zakale: mphero za ufa ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Lingaliro ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphepo yamkuntho m'malo omwe imakhala yolimba komanso yosasintha, pogwiritsa ntchito masamba omwe amalumikizidwa ndi jenereta yamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yama makina amphepo imasandulika kuthekera mphamvu ndiyeno magetsi. Koma zachidziwikire, kuchuluka komwe kumapangidwa ndi kotsika chifukwa chake sikungathe kupereka ziwonetsero zazikulu m'mizinda.
Mphamvu ya geothermal. Monga momwe dzina lake likusonyezera, mphamvu zamtunduwu zimapezerapo mwayi pa kutentha komwe kumabwera ndi pulaneti lenilenilo, lomwe, pokhala ndi mtima wachitsulo ndi zitsulo zina zosungunuka, limatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu tikamalowa padziko lapansi. Mphamvuzi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha nyumba kudzera m'madzi, koma m'malo ophulika kapena malo okhala ndi maginito atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwira madzi ndikupanga magetsi enaake.
Mphamvu zamadzi am'nyanja. Mphamvu yamafunde ndiyomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe ka mafunde, momwemonso ndi momwe mphepo imagwirira ntchito. Pali mphero zamagetsi, zomwe zimasinthira mafayilo a Mphamvu zamagetsi mafunde amadzi mkati mphamvu yamagetsi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangidwa, mosiyana ndi chuma chachuma komanso kukhudzidwa kwachilengedwe kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbewu zopangazi kumapangitsa kukhala chitsanzo chochepa kwambiri masiku ano.
Mphamvu yamagetsi. Mphamvu zodziwika bwino zowonjezeredwa, zimafunikira mathithi amodzi okha (achilengedwe, monga mathithi, mathithi kapena mitsinje; kapena zopangira, monga madamu ndi maofesi amagetsi okhala ndi malo osungira) kuti alimbikitse magudumu omwe apanga magetsi. Kupatula zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zachuma zomwe zimachitika mukakhazikitsa zomerazi kapena pakuwononga mitsinje yonse ndi malo osefukira, komanso zotsatira za chilala chomwe chingachitike chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, njirayi yawonetsedwa kuti ndiyodalirika, yotetezeka komanso yachilengedwe.
Photovoltaic Dzuwa Mphamvu. Kutenga mwayi pa mphamvu yomwe dzuwa limatulutsa nthawi zonse ndichimodzi mwazikhulupiriro zazikulu za umunthu munyengo zakusintha kwanyengo. Pankhani ya mphamvu ya dzuwa ya photovoltaic, izi zimafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapanelo akulu am'malo ozungulira madera ofunikira, kuti athe kutenga ma radiation ochuluka kwambiri a dzuwa komanso kudzera mu foni ya photovoltaic yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati batiri, gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu ya ma photon kuti apange magetsi osatha. Ili ndi malire oti nyengo zadzuwa zimafunikira mdera lalikulu.
Kutentha kwa dzuwa mphamvu. Amadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yotentha ndi dzuwa, imagwiranso ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic koma kuti ipange kutentha m'malo mwa magetsi: kutentha komwe kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika chakudya, kutentha chipinda kapena ngakhale makina oyatsira mafiriji, omwe amafunikira kutentha m'malo mwa magetsi . Ili ndi maubwino ndi zovuta zomwezo, komabe, pamilandu yapitayi.
Mphamvu yamafunde. Ili ndi dzina lopatsidwa mphamvu zomwe zapezeka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (mphamvu zamagetsi) kuchokera ku mafunde a m'nyanja: ndi imodzi mwamphamvu zomwe zitha kuphunzitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 21, popeza kuneneratu kwa njira zam'madzi komanso kuphatikiza kwake ndi mphamvu ya mphepo kumapereka chiyembekezo pakupeza mphamvu zisathe kuyang'ana mtsogolo.
Mphamvu ya biomass. Amatchedwanso mphamvu ya biofuel kapena ngakhale bioenergy, ikufuna kupeza mafuta ochulukirapo kapena ocheperako (okhala ndi zotsika zochepa zachilengedwe kuposa mafuta amafuta) komanso koposa zonse, kuchokera pakusintha kwa zakuthupi mu zinthu zoyaka moto (biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, etc.). Pachifukwa ichi, zinyalala zaulimi, zinyalala zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zina zambiri zazomera kapena nyama zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimayesedwa ndi anaerobic.