Mphamvu yamagetsi

Zamkati

• Mitundu yazomera zopangira magetsi
• Ubwino wa mphamvu yamagetsi
• Zoyipa zamagetsi zamagetsi
• Zitsanzo zamagetsi amagetsi
• Mitundu ina yamphamvu

Pulogalamu ya mphamvu yamagetsi ndiyomwe imapangidwa ndimayendedwe amadzi, nthawi zambiri amagwa (kudumphadumpha) ndi malo otsetsereka kapena madamu apadera, pomwe amapangira magetsi kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzimadzi oyenda ndikuyambitsa makina amagetsi omwe amapanga magetsi.

Njira iyi yogwiritsira ntchito madzi imapereka mphamvu yachisanu yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo sizatsopano kwenikweni m'mbiri ya anthu: Agiriki akale, kutsatira mfundo yomweyi komanso yolondola, amapuntha tirigu pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kapena mphepo ndi mphero zingapo. Komabe, makina oyamba opangira magetsi ngati amenewa adamangidwa mu 1879 ku United States.

Chomera chamagetsi choterechi chimadziwika kwambiri m'ma geographies omwe madzi ake chifukwa chosungunuka pamwamba pa mapiri kapena kusokonekera kwamtsinje wamphamvu kumapeza mphamvu zambiri. Nthawi zina ndikofunikira kumanga dziwe kuti liwongolere kumasulidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa madzi ndikupanga mwanzeru kugwa kwamphamvu zomwe zikufunidwa.

Pulogalamu ya mphamvu ya mtundu uwu wa chomera imatha kuyambira pazomera zazikulu komanso zamphamvu zomwe zimapanga megawatts makumi masauzande, mpaka zotchedwa mini-hydro zomera zomwe zimangopanga ma megawat ochepa.

Zambiri mu: Zitsanzo za hayidiroliki Mphamvu

Mitundu yazomera zopangira magetsi

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake kamangidwe, nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa pakati zomera zotsegula zamagetsi, monga omwe adaikidwa pansi pa mathithi kapena damu, ndipo magetsi m'malo opangira magesi, omwe ali kutali ndi komwe kumachokera madzi koma amalumikizidwa ndi mapaipi amagetsi ndi ma tunnel ena.

Zomerazi zimatha kugawidwa malinga ndi momwe madzi amayendera nthawi zonse, monga:

• Zomera zamadzi zoyenda. Amagwira ntchito mosalekeza, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amtsinje kapena kugwa, chifukwa alibe mphamvu yosungira madzi monga m'madamu.
• Zomera zosungira madzi. Amasunga madziwo pogwiritsa ntchito damu ndikuwalola kuti azidutsa m'mayinitsi, kuyendetsa mosalekeza komanso kuwongolera. Ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa madzi oyenda.
• Malo okhala ndi malamulo. Kuyikidwa mumitsinje, koma ndimphamvu yosungira madzi.
• Malo opopera. Amaphatikiza magetsi ndi kutuluka kwamadzi ndikutumiza madziwo, kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe kake ndikugwira ntchito ngati mabatire akulu.

Ubwino wa mphamvu yamagetsi

Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi inali yotchuka kwambiri mkati mwa theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, chifukwa cha zabwino zake zosatsutsika, zomwe ndi:

• Kukonza. Poyerekeza ndi kuwotcha mafuta, ndi mphamvu yochepa yoipitsa.
• Chitetezo. Poyerekeza ndi masoka achilengedwe amagetsi a nyukiliya kapena mitundu ina yowopsa yamagetsi, zowopsa zake ndizotheka.
• Kukhazikika. Madzi amtsinje ndi mathithi akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala osasintha chaka chonse, kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yopanga magetsi imagwiranso ntchito nthawi zonse.
• Chuma. Mwa kusafuna zopangira, kapenanso njira zovuta, ndi njira yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta yopangira magetsi, yomwe imachepetsa mtengo wamagetsi onse ndikugwiritsa ntchito unyolo.
• Kudziyimira pawokha. Popeza sichifuna zinthu zopangira kapena zolowetsa (kupatula zida zopumira), ndichitsanzo chodziyimira palokha pakusintha kwamisika ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kapena ndale.

Zoyipa zamagetsi zamagetsi

• Zochitika kwanuko. Ntchito yomanga madamu ndi ma dikizo, komanso kuyika ma turbine ndi ma jenereta zimakhudza njira zomwe mitsinje imakhudza mitsinje nthawi zambiri. zachilengedwe.
• Zowopsa. Ngakhale ndizosowa komanso zopezeka pokhala ndi chizolowezi chokonzekera bwino, ndizotheka kuti kupumira pa dike kumatha kuyambitsa kutulutsidwa kosalamulirika kwa madzi ochulukirapo kuposa omwe angathe kuwongoleredwa ndikuti kusefukira ndi masoka kwanuko.
• Kukhudza malo. Zambiri mwa nyumbazi zimasinthiratu masoka achilengedwe ndipo zimakhudza madera akomweko, ngakhale atha kukhala malo owonetsera alendo.
• Kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje. Kulowererapo kosalekeza pamayendedwe amadzi kumawononga mitsinje ndikusintha mtundu wamadzi, kuchotsa madontho. Izi zonse zimakhudzidwa ndi mtsinje.
• Chilala chomwe chingachitike. Pakakhala chilala chachikulu, mitundu ya mbadwowu imawona kupanga kwawo kochepa, popeza kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakhala kochepera. Izi zitha kutanthauza kuchepa kwa mphamvu kapena kuchuluka kwa mitengo, kutengera kukula kwa chilala.

Zitsanzo zamagetsi amagetsi

1. Mathithi a Niagara. Malo opangira magetsi Chomera Cha Robert Moses Niagara Ku United States, anali woyamba kupanga magetsi opangira magetsi m'mbiri yomanga, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mathithi akuluakulu a Niagara ku Appleton, Wisconsin.
2. Damu lopangira magetsi la Krasnoyarsk. Damu la konkriti lalitali mamita 124 lomwe lili mumtsinje wa Yenisei ku Divnogorsk, Russia, lomwe lamangidwa pakati pa 1956 ndi 1972 ndikupereka mphamvu mozungulira 6000 MW kwa anthu aku Russia. Posungira Krasnoyarkoye idapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito.
3. Malo osungira a Salime. Malo osungira ku Spain awa ku Asturias, pamtsinje wa Navia, adakhazikitsidwa mu 1955 ndipo amapatsa anthu pafupifupi 350 GWh pachaka. Kuti amange nyanjayi, idasinthidwa kosatha ndipo minda pafupifupi 2,000 idasefukira mahekitala 685 olimapo, komanso minda yam'mizinda, milatho, manda, matchalitchi, ndi matchalitchi.
4. Chomera cha Guavio hydroelectric. Chomera chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri chogwira ntchito mdera la Colombiya, chili ku Cundinamarca, 120km kuchokera ku Bogotá ndipo chimapanga magetsi pafupifupi 1,213 MW. Idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1992, ngakhale kuti mayunitsi ena atatu sanayikidwebe pazifukwa zachuma. Ngati zingatero, magwiridwe antchito a nyumbayi angakwere mpaka 1,900 MW, yayikulu kwambiri mdziko lonselo.
5. Simón Bolívar chomera chamagetsi. Wotchedwanso Presa del Guri, uli m'boma la Bolívar, Venezuela, pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Caroni mumtsinje wotchuka wa Orinoco. Ili ndi malo osungira otchedwa Embalse del Guri, pomwe magetsi amaperekedwa kudera lalikulu la dzikolo ndipo amagulitsanso kumatawuni akumalire a kumpoto kwa Brazil. Idakhazikitsidwa kwathunthu mu 1986 ndipo ndi chomera chachinayi chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chopatsa magetsi, chopatsa 10,235 MW mphamvu zonse zomwe zaikidwa m'mayunitsi 10 osiyanasiyana.
6. Dziwe la Xilodu. Ili pamtsinje wa Jinsha kumwera kwa China, ili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya 13,860 MW, kuphatikiza pakuloleza kuyendetsa kwamadzi kuti athe kuyendetsa ndi kuteteza kusefukira kwa madzi. Pakadali pano ndi malo achitatu opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi komanso damu lachitali kwambiri padziko lapansi.
7. Damu Lachitatu la Gorges. Ili ku China, pamtsinje wa Yangtze mkatikati mwa gawo lake, ndiye chomera chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chopangira magetsi, chokhala ndi mphamvu zonse za 24,000 MW. Idamalizidwa mu 2012, itasefukira m'mizinda 19 ndi matauni 22 (630 km² Pamwamba), momwe anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni amayenera kusamutsidwa ndikusamutsidwa. Pokhala ndi mita 2309 kutalika ndi damu lokwera 185, chomera chamagetsi chokha chimapatsa 3% yamagetsi ochulukirapo mdziko muno.
8. Damu la Yacyretá-Apipé. Damu ili m'chigawo chophatikizana cha Argentina-Paraguay pamtsinje wa Paraná, limapereka pafupifupi 22% yamafunidwe amagetsi ku Argentina ndi mphamvu zake za 3,100 MW. Unali ntchito yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa zimafunikira kusefukira kwa malo okhala m'derali komanso kutha kwa mitundu yambiri ya nyama ndi zomera.
9. Ntchito ya Hydroelectric ya Palomino. Ntchitoyi yomwe ikumangidwa ku Dominican Republic ipezeka mumtsinje wa Yaraque-Sur ndi Blanco, komwe kuli malo osungira malo okwana mahekitala 22 omwe azikulitsa mphamvu zadzikoli ndi 15%.
10. Itaipu Damu. Chomera chachiwiri chachikulu chopangira magetsi padziko lapansi, ndi ntchito yopanga pakati pa Brazil ndi Paraguay kugwiritsa ntchito malire awo pamtsinje wa Paraná. Kutalika kwa damu kumakhala pafupifupi 29,000 hm³ yamadzi m'dera pafupifupi 14,000 km². Kutulutsa kwake ndi 14,000 MW ndipo idayamba kupanga mu 1984.

Mitundu ina yamphamvu