Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya epic ndi nkhani yosimba yomwe ili gawo la epic genre. Epics imayankha zomwe zimapanga miyambo yamtundu kapena chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo: Iliad, Odyssey.
Malembowa amadziwika ndi kupatsa anthu ammudzi mbiri ya komwe adachokera, chifukwa chake amaphatikizidwa munkhani zoyambitsa.
M'nthawi zakale, nkhanizi zimafalikira pakamwa. Epic of Gilgamesh ndiye woyamba kulemba zolemba, pamapale adothi, kuyambira zaka chikwi chachiwiri BC.
- Onaninso: Nyimbo yachitetezo
Makhalidwe a epic
- Omwe akutchulidwa m'nkhanizi ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mzimu wolimba mtima, omwe amaimira zomwe anthu amasilira, ndipo nkhani zawo nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi zinthu zauzimu.
- Amakonda kuwonekera pakatikati paulendo kapena pankhondo
- Amapangidwa m'mavesi ataliatali (makamaka hexameters) kapena prose, ndipo wolemba wawo nthawi zonse amakhala akuchita izi nthawi yakutali, yoyenerera, momwe amphona ndi milungu amakhalira.
- Onaninso: Nthano za Lyric
Zitsanzo za epic
- Epic ya Gilgamesh
Amadziwikanso kuti Ndakatulo ya Gilgamesh, nkhaniyi ili ndi ndakatulo zisanu zoyima za Asumeri ndipo imafotokoza zomwe Mfumu Gilgamesh idachita. Kwa otsutsa, ndi ntchito yoyamba yolemba yomwe imafotokoza zakufa kwa anthu poyerekeza ndi kufa kwa milungu. Kuphatikiza apo, pantchitoyi nkhani yonena za kusefukira kwa madzi ikuwonekera koyamba.
Ndakatuloyo imafotokoza za moyo wa mfumu ya Uruk Gilgamesh yemwe, chifukwa chakusilira kwake ndikuzunza akazi, amamuimba mlandu pamaso pa milungu. Poyankha izi, milunguyo idatumiza munthu wamtchire wotchedwa Enkidu kuti akamenyane naye. Koma, mosiyana ndi ziyembekezo, awiriwa amakhala mabwenzi ndikuchita zankhanza limodzi.
Monga chilango, milunguyo imapha Enkidu, ndikupangitsa mnzakeyo kuyamba kufunafuna moyo wosafa. Paulendo wake wina, Gilgamesh akumana ndi anzeru Utnapishtim ndi mkazi wake, omwe ali ndi mphatso yomwe mfumu ya Uruk imalakalaka. Atabwerera kudziko lake, Gilgamesh amatsatira malangizo a anzeru ndikupeza chomera chomwe chimabwezeretsa unyamata kwa omwe amadya. Koma asanatero, njoka imaba.
Chifukwa chake, mfumu imabwerera kudziko lake chimanjamanja, ndikumvera chisoni anthu ake atamwalira mnzake komanso ndi lingaliro loti moyo wosafa ndiwo kholo lokhalo la milungu.
- Iliad ndi The Odyssey
Iliad ndiye cholembedwa chakale kwambiri m'mabuku aku Western ndipo akuti adalemba theka lachiwiri la 8th BC. C., ku Greece ku Ionia.
Lembali, lomwe akuti ndi Homer, limafotokoza zochitika zingapo zomwe zidachitika pa Trojan War, pomwe Agiriki adazungulira mzinda uno atagwidwa Helen wokongola. Nkhondoyo imatha kukhala nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi, momwe milungu imakhudzidwanso.
Lembali likufotokoza ukali wa Achilles, ngwazi yachi Greek yomwe imakhumudwitsidwa ndi wamkulu wawo, Agamemnon, ndikuganiza zosiya nkhondoyi. Atanyamuka, a Trojans amatsogolera nkhondoyi. Mwa zina, ngwazi ya Trojan Hector imapangitsa kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa zombo zachi Greek.
Pomwe Achilles sakhala nawo pamsonkhanowu, kumwalira kwa mnzake wapamtima, Patroclus, kumachitikanso, ndiye kuti ngwaziyo yasankha kubwerera kukamenya nkhondo ndipo potero amatha kusintha zomwe Agiriki amamuchitira.
Odyssey ndi epic ina yomwe imatchulidwanso kuti Homer. Imafotokoza zakugonjetsedwa kwa Troy ndi Agiriki komanso kuchenjera kwa Odysseus (kapena Ulysses) ndi kavalo wamatabwa womwe amanyenga nawo a Trojans kuti alowe mtawuniyi. Ntchitoyi ikufotokoza kubwerera kwa Ulysses, atamenya nkhondo zaka khumi. Kubwerera kwake ku chilumba cha Ithaca, komwe adakhala mfumu, kumatenga zaka zina khumi.
- Wowonjezera
Kuchokera ku Roma, Wowonjezera Idalembedwa ndi Publio Virgilio Marón (wodziwika bwino ngati Virgilio) mchaka cha 1 BC. C., wotumidwa ndi Emperor Augustus. Cholinga cha mfumuyi chinali choti alembe ntchito yomwe ingapatse chiyambi cha ufumu womwe udayamba ndi boma lake.
Virgil amatenga poyambira Nkhondo ya Trojan ndi kuwonongedwa kwake, komwe kunanenedwa kale ndi Homer, ndikulembanso, koma akuwonjezera mbiri yakuyambika kwa Roma komwe akuwonjezera kukhudzika kwazikhulupiriro zachi Greek zopeka.
Chiwembu cha epicyi chimayang'ana kwambiri paulendo wa Aeneas ndi a Trojans opita ku Italiya komanso zovuta ndi zopambana zomwe zimatsatizana mpaka zikafika kudziko lolonjezedwa: Lazio.
Ntchitoyi ili ndi mabuku khumi ndi awiri. Zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyambirira zikunena zaulendo wa Aeneas wopita ku Italy, pomwe theka lachiwiri likuyang'ana kwambiri zigonjetso zomwe zikuchitika ku Italy.
- Nyimbo ya Mío Cid
Nyimbo ya Mío Cid Ndilo ntchito yayikulu yoyamba m'mabuku achi Spain omwe adalembedwa mchilankhulo cha Romance. Ngakhale zimawerengedwa kuti sizikudziwika, akatswiri pakadali pano akuti adalemba kuti adalemba ndi Per Abbat, ngakhale ena amaganiza kuti ndi ntchito yongokopera. Akuyerekeza kuti Nyimbo ya Mío Cid Idalembedwa mzaka 1200 zoyambirira.
Ntchitoyi imafotokoza, ndi ufulu wina wolemba, zozizwitsa zam'zaka zapitazi za moyo wa Knight wa Castilla Rodrigo Díaz, wotchedwa Campeador, kuyambira pomwe adatengedwa ukapolo (mu 1081) mpaka kumwalira kwake (mu 1099 ).
Lembali, lomwe lili ndi mavesi 3,735 autali wosiyanasiyana, limafotokoza mitu ikuluikulu iwiri. Kumbali imodzi, kuthamangitsidwa ndi zomwe Campeador ayenera kuchita kuti akhululukidwe zenizeni ndikubwezeretsanso ulemu. Mbali inayi, ulemu wa Cid ndi banja lake, zidakulitsidwa kumapeto mpaka ana ake aakazi akwatiwa ndi akalonga aku Navarra ndi Aragon.
- Pitirizani ndi: Mitundu Yolemba
