Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya French Revolution Unali gulu lalikulu landale komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chidachitika ku France mu 1798 ndipo zidatsogolera kumapeto kwa maufumu okhazikika mdzikolo, ndikukhazikitsa boma la Republican m'malo mwake.
Potsogozedwa ndi mawu oti "ufulu, kufanana, ubale" nzika zadziko zidatsutsa ndikulanda mphamvu zamfumu, osamvera ulamuliro wamfumu ndipo potero adatumiza kudziko lapansi chizindikiro chamtsogolo: demokalase, republican , mu kuti maufulu ofunika aanthu onse awonetsedwa.
French Revolution imawerengedwa ndi pafupifupi olemba mbiri onse ngati chochitika chandale komanso ndale chomwe chimayambitsa chiyambi cha Europe ku Europe. Chinali chochitika chomwe chinagwedeza dziko lonse ndikufalitsa malingaliro osintha a Chidziwitso pangodya iliyonse.
Zifukwa za French Revolution
Zomwe zimayambitsa Chisinthiko cha France zimayamba ndi kusowa kwa ufulu waumwini, umphawi waukulu komanso kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi zachuma zomwe zidalipo ku France nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Louis XVI ndi Marie Antoinette. Pamodzi ndi Tchalitchi ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, akuluakulu apamwamba adalamulira ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, mipando pampando wachifumu yalengezedwa ndi Mulungu Mwiniwake. Mfumuyo idapanga zisankho mosaganizira komanso mopanda malingaliro, ndikupanga misonkho yatsopano, kutaya katundu wa anthuwo, kulengeza nkhondo ndikusainirana mtendere, ndi zina zambiri.
Kusayenerana kwakukulu uku kwa amuna pamaso pa lamulo, lomwe, ngakhale linali chimodzimodzi, limavomereza olemera ndi osauka munjira zosiyanasiyana, mofanananso ndi ulamuliro wonse wamfumu pa ufulu wofotokozera kudzera munjira zoletsa, zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhala osungulumwa komanso osasangalala. Ngati tiwonjezerapo kuchuluka kwa mwayi wamakhalidwe ndi zachuma zomwe anthu achifumu komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo anali nazo pozunza anthu, ndizomveka kuti panthawi yophulika iwo ankadedwa kwambiri.
Akuyerekeza kuti mwa anthu 23 miliyoni aku France panthawiyo, ndi 300,000 okha omwe anali mgulu la olamulira omwe anali ndi mwayi wonsewu. Ena onse anali a "anthu wamba", kupatula amalonda ena komanso mabwanamkubwa amantha.
Zotsatira za French Revolution
Zotsatira za French Revolution ndizovuta ndipo zakwaniritsidwa padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimakumbukiridwabe masiku ano.
- Lamuloli lidatha. Mwa kuthetsa maufumu ndi mwayi wa atsogoleri achipembedzo, Oukira boma la France adakumana ndi vuto ku Europe ndi padziko lonse lapansi, ndikufesa mbewu zakusintha m'maiko ndi zigawo zambiri. Pomwe mayiko ena aku Europe akuganizira mochititsa mantha kumenyedwa kwa mafumu aku France, m'malo ena, monga ku Puerto Rico ku America, maderawo azidya malingaliro a libertarian amenewo ndipo patapita zaka ayamba okha Revolutions of Independence kuchokera ku Spain Crown.
- French Republic yalengezedwa. Kupezeka kwandale komanso chikhalidwe chatsopano kudzasintha ubale wachuma ndi mphamvu ku France kosatha. Izi ziphatikiza kusintha kosiyanasiyana, ena akukhetsa magazi kuposa ena, ndipo pamapeto pake kudzabweretsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamabungwe otchuka omwe, omwe asokoneza dzikolo. Kumayambiriro kwenikweni, ayenera kulimbana ndi oyandikana nawo aku Prussia, omwe amafuna kubwezeretsa mfumuyo pampando wake wachifumu.
- Kugawidwa kwatsopano kwa ntchito kuyambika. Kutha kwa mabungwe aboma kudzasinthiratu njira yopangira achi French ndipo kulola kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo operekera ndi kufunikira, komanso kusalowererapo kwa boma pankhani zachuma. Izi zikhazikitsa gulu latsopano lachifundo, lotetezedwa pandale powerengera anthu.
- Ufulu wamunthu walengezedwa koyamba. Chilankhulochi chidafuula panthawi yoyamba ya Revolution, "Ufulu, kufanana, ubale kapena imfa", zidapangitsa kuti Nyumba Yamalamulo Lamulo lidziwitse koyamba za Ufulu Wanthu Wonse, poyambira komanso kudzoza Ufulu wa anthu za nthawi yathu ino. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, ufulu wofanana udakhazikitsidwa malamulo kwa anthu onse, mosatengera mtundu wawo, zikhulupiriro zawo kapena mtundu wawo. Akapolowo adamasulidwa ndipo ndende ya ngongoleyo idathetsedwa.
- Maudindo atsopano amakhazikitsidwa. Ngakhale sikunali kusintha kwachikazi, kunapatsa azimayi gawo lina, achangu pakumanga bata, komanso kuthetsedwa kwa mayorazgo ndi miyambo ina yambiri yamabanja. Izi zinatanthauza kukhazikitsanso maziko a chikhalidwe ndi chuma, zomwe zinatanthauzanso kuchotsa mwayi wa atsogoleri achipembedzo, kulanda chuma cha Tchalitchi ndi olemera olemekezeka.
- Mabungwe achikulire akukwera mphamvu ku Europe. Amalonda, ma bourgeoisie oyambilira omwe pambuyo pake adayambitsa Industrial Revolution, adayamba kukhala m'malo opanda anthu apamwamba ngati olamulira, otetezedwa ndi kudzikundikira kwa likulu osati malo, magwero abwino kapena kuyandikira kwa Mulungu. Izi zipangitsa kuti kusintha ku Europe kukhale kwamakono, pazaka zikubwerazi pomwe maulamuliro adzayamba kuchepa.
- Malamulo oyambilira aku France alengezedwa. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, omwe amakupatsirani ufulu wopeza zisankho komanso omwe akuwonetsa mzimu wowolowa manja pachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu mdziko muno, zikhala chitsanzo ndi maziko amilandu yapadziko lonse lapansi.
- Kulekana pakati pa Tchalitchi ndi Boma kulengezedwa. Kulekana kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti anthu azilowa kumayiko akumadzulo, chifukwa zimalola ndale zopanda chipembedzo. Izi zidachitika ndikulanda chuma cha Tchalitchi ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, kuchepetsedwa kwa mphamvu zawo zandale komanso zandale, komanso koposa zonse kusamutsa boma la renti lomwe Tchalitchi limapeza kuchokera kwa anthu pantchito zothandiza anthu. Chifukwa chake, ansembe, amalandila malipiro kuboma monga aliyense wogwira ntchito. Minda ndi katundu wa Tchalitchi komanso olemekezeka adagulitsidwa kwa anthu wamba olemera komanso mabwanamkubwa, kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwawo ku Revolution.
- Kalendala yatsopano ndi masiku atsopano adziko lonse adakhazikitsidwa. Kusintha kumeneku kunafuna kuthetsa zotsalira zonse zam'mbuyomu, kunapeza ubale watsopano wophiphiritsira komanso wachikhalidwe womwe sunadziwike ndi chipembedzo, motero ndikupanga chikhalidwe chaku Republican ku France.
- Kukwera kwa Napoleon Bonaparte ngati Emperor. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri pa French Revolution ndikuti zidafikiranso muulamuliro wachifumu. Kudzera mukulanda boma lotchedwa Brumaire 18, General Napoleon Bonaparte, akubwerera kuchokera ku Egypt, atenga ziwopsezo zadzikoli pamavuto azikhalidwe, pambuyo poti azunzo asintha mwazi mmanja mwa a Jacobins. Ufumu watsopanowu wa Napoleon poyamba ukanakhala wowoneka ngati republican koma njira zowonongera ndipo ukhazikitsa France kuti igonjetse dziko lapansi. Pambuyo pa nkhondo zingapo, ufumuwo udzafika kumapeto mu 1815 ndikugonjetsedwa kwa Nkhondo ya Waterloo (Belgium) motsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo laku Europe.
