'Zakale zosavutandi Nthawi yamawu amagwiritsidwa ntchito mchizungu kutanthauzira zochitika zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi pano, ngakhale atakhala nawo munthawi inayake.
Pulogalamu ya Zakale zosavuta ndi iye Nthawi yosavuta yapitayi a Chisipanishi ndipo ali m'zinenero ziwirizi mawonekedwe ofala kwambiri akale osakhalitsa. Izi zikuyimira mneni wofala kwambiri munkhani zofotokoza, monga nkhani zazifupi komanso ma buku, komanso m'mabuku azambiriyakale.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti mkhalidwe wa Zakale zosavuta Sichiperekedwa ndi mtunda wakanthawi pakati pa mwambowu womwe ukutchulidwa mpaka pano, koma zimangotengera kuti chochitikacho chinachitika ndikutha. Izi zimasiyanitsa ndi mosalekeza kale (past continous), nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawu monga 'kwakanthawi', 'kwakanthawi' kapena 'nthawi'.
Kwa wokamba nkhani yemwe alibe Chingerezi ngati chilankhulo chake, njira yodziwira kufunikira kogwiritsira ntchito kulumikizana kwazosavuta zam'mbuyomu ndi kudzera mwa aliyense zochitika zomwe zimatsimikizira malo akale, mwachitsanzo dzulo (dzulo), sabata yatha (sabata yatha), zaka ziwiri zapitazo (zaka ziwiri zapitazo).
Zophweka zakale sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu akuti 'kuyambira' akuwonekera, kutanthauza kuti 'kuchokera', chifukwa pamenepo pali kulimbikira kuchitapo kanthu, komwe kumafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya verebu.
Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Pano Zosavuta M'Chingerezi
Mwanjira yake yotsimikizika 'zakale zosavuta' zimamangidwa popanda mneni wothandizira, pamafunso ake kapena mawonekedwe oyipa zimafuna kuti mneni akhale wothandizira 'zonse' (mofananamo ndi zomwe zimachitika ndikosavuta kwapano), zomwe pankhaniyi ndi 'did'.
Mukafuna kufotokoza zophweka m'mbuyomu yofunsa mafunso, muyenera kuyamba ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono totsatiridwa ndi mzu wa mawu (ndiye kuti, mawu osatha opanda 'to'), pomwe mukufuna kufotokoza zoyipa zomwe zidachitika kale, inu alemba 'sanatero' kapena chidule chake (sichinatero).
Monga m'Chisipanishi, m'mbuyomu zenizeni zenizeni zimatha kuphatikizidwa m'njira ziwiri: monga wokhazikika kapena monga zosasinthika. Oyamba amakhala ndi mathero a 'ed' kapena 'd', pomwe omalizawa satsatira lamulo, ngakhale pali mabanja ena osakhazikika omwe amabwereza zomwezo.
Ambiri mwa madikishonale Chingerezi chimaphatikizapo gawo la zenizeni zosasinthika ndi kulumikizana kwawo kofananira m'mbuyomu. Mwa zina zosasinthika, amadziwika kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri 'anachita' (verebu: to do = do / auxiliary), 'anali / anali'(vesi: kukhala = kukhala kapena kukhala / wothandizira),' had '(vesi: kukhala ndi = kukhala / wothandizira), ndi ena osathandiza, monga' went '(kale kupita = anali) kapena ´flew '(adachoka pakuwuluka = kuwuluka).
Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Ziganizo zokhala ndi mawu oti Kukhala
| 1. Ndinayendayenda m'dziko lanu chilimwe chatha |
| 2. Dzulo ndinakumana ndi mamuna wako ku cinema |
| 3. Anali munthu amene anapulumutsa moyo wanga |
| 4. Wamuwona nkhope yake? |
| 5. Tinapita pabasi pamwambowu |
| 6. Ndinagula galimotoyi mu Januware |
| 7. Mwadzidzidzi, Tom adabwera mnyumba mwanga ndikupempha mchimwene wake |
| 8. Sindinaganize za izi, pepani! |
| 9. Kodi adapita ku Paris mu Ogasiti wa 2008? |
| 10. Sanachite izi |
| 11. Mvula idagwa usiku wonse |
| 12. Mudagula kuti chokoleti? |
| 13. Ndine wotsimikiza kuti analipo, ndinamuwona |
| 14. Ndili mwana, sindinali ngati mahatchi |
| 15. Chaka chatha ndidapita ku Europe ndi azakhali anga |
| 16. Ndakulemberani kalata, simunaziwone? |
| 17. Paul sanaphunzire za mayeso |
| 18. Tinali mabwenzi apamtima pasukulupo |
| 19. Kodi mwawona nyumba yatsopano pakati? |
| 20. Sanamkhulupirire iye |
Andrea ndi mphunzitsi wachilankhulo, ndipo pa akaunti yake ya Instagram amaphunzitsa payekha pavidiyo kuti muphunzire kulankhula Chingerezi.
