20 Zitsanzo za Ma Molekyulu Achilengedwe ndi Inorganic - Encyclopedia

Ma Molekyulu Achilengedwe - Encyclopedia

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Mamolekyulu a zamoyo
Mamolekyu Achilengedwe
Zitsanzo za mamolekyulu azachilengedwe
Zitsanzo za mamolekyulu amadzimadzi

Chemistry imasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya mamolekyulu za nkhaniyi, malinga ndi mtundu wa ma atomu zomwe zimawapanga: mamolekyulu a organic ndipo mamolekyu amadzimadzi.

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yonse iwiri ya molekyulu (komanso pakati pazinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi iwo) ndizokhazikika, koposa zonse, pamaso pa maatomu a kaboni (C) omwe amapanga mgwirizano wolumikizana ndi maatomu ena a kaboni kapena maatomu a haidrojeni (H), komanso zinthu zina pafupipafupi monga oxygen (O), nayitrogeni (N), Sulfa (S), Phosphorus (P) ndi ena ambiri.

Mamolekyulu omwe ali ndi kapangidwe kake kaboni amadziwika kuti mamolekyulu a organic ndipo ndizofunikira pamoyo monga momwe timadziwira.

Yang'anirani: Zinthu Zachilengedwe ndi Zachilengedwe

Mamolekyulu a zamoyo

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu za zinthu zakuthupi ndichawo kuyaka, ndiye amatha kuwotcha ndi kutaya kapena kusintha kapangidwe kake koyambirira, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma hydrocarbon omwe amapanga mafuta. Komano, pali mitundu iwiri ya zinthu zachilengedwe, kutengera komwe adachokera:

Mamolekyulu achilengedwe. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zamoyo ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulimbitsa thupi lawo ndikukula kwa matupi awo. Amadziwika kuti ziphuphu.
Amapanga mamolekyulu. Amachokera m'manja mwa munthu, popeza kulibe m'chilengedwe. Umu ndi momwe zimachitikira pulasitiki, mwachitsanzo.

Tisaiwale kuti kwambiri pali mitundu inayi yokha yamamolekyulu amthupi omwe amapanga thupi: mapuloteni, lipids, chakudya, ma nucleotide ndi mamolekyulu ang'onoang'ono.

Mamolekyu Achilengedwe

Pulogalamu ya mamolekyu amadzimadzi, Chachiwiri, Sizimapangidwa ndi kaboni, koma zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana, ndichifukwa chake amachokera ku mphamvu zakunja kwa moyo, monga mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi mphambano zosiyanasiyana za nyukiliya zomwe zimalola zimachitikira mankhwala. Zomangira za atomiki zamtundu uwu zamolekyulu zitha kukhala zamanyazi (electrovalent) kapena covalent, koma zotsatira zake sizikhala molekyulu yamoyo.

Mzere wogawanitsa pakati pa ma molekyulu a organic ndi inorganic nthawi zambiri umafunsidwa ndikuwutenga ngati wopanda pake, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zopanda zinthu zimakhala ndi kaboni ndi haidrojeni. Komabe, lamulo lokhazikitsidwa likusonyeza kuti mamolekyulu onse amapangidwa ndi kaboni, koma si mamolekyu onse a kaboni omwe ndi organic.

Onaninso: Nkhani Yachilengedwe ndi Inorganic

Zitsanzo za mamolekyulu azachilengedwe

Shuga (C.₆H₁₂KAPENA₆). Imodzi mwa shuga (ma carbohydrate) omwe amakhala ngati maziko omanga ma polima osiyanasiyana (mphamvu yamagetsi kapena magwiridwe antchito), komanso kuchokera pakupanga kwake kwanyama, nyama zimapeza mphamvu (kupuma).
Mapadi (C₆H₁₀KAPENA₅). Biopolymer yofunikira pamoyo wazomera komanso biomolecule yochulukirapo padziko lapansi. Popanda izi, sikungakhale kotheka kupanga khoma lamaselo azomera, ndiye molekyulu yokhala ndi ntchito zosasinthika.
Fructose (C₆H₁₂KAPENA₆). Shuga alireza imapezeka zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi uchi, ili ndi njira yofananira koma kapangidwe kake ka shuga (ndiye isomer). Pamodzi ndi yotsirizira, imapanga sucrose kapena shuga wamba wamba.
Fomu ya asidi (CH₂KAPENA₂). Asidi wosavuta wamchere amene alipo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyerere ndi njuchi ngati zosakondweretsa njira zawo zodzitetezera. Imabisalanso ndi lunguzi ndi zomera zina zoluma, ndipo ndi gawo la mankhwala omwe amapanga uchi.
Mankhwala (CH₄). Pulogalamu ya hydrocarbon Alkane yosavuta kuposa zonse, yomwe mawonekedwe ake amadzimadzi alibe mtundu, opanda fungo komanso osasungunuka m'madzi. Ndilo gawo lalikulu kwambiri la gasi wachilengedwe komanso zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa pafupipafupi pazakudya kwa nyama.
Collagen Puloteni wofunikira popanga ulusi, wofala kuzinyama zonse ndipo amapanga mafupa, tendon ndi khungu, zomwe zimawonjezera mpaka 25% yamapuloteni athunthu amthupi lanyama.
Benzene (C.₆H₆). Hydrocarbon onunkhira opangidwa ndi maatomu sikisi a kaboni mu hexagon yangwiro ndipo yolumikizidwa ndi ma hydrogen bond, ndi madzi opanda mtundu wokhala ndi fungo loyaka moto kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti molekyulu yoyamba yazinthu zonse, chifukwa ndiye poyambira pakupanga zinthu zambiri zovuta.
DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid ndi polima ya nucleotide komanso molekyulu yoyambira ya zinthu zamoyo, zomwe malangizo ake amalola kubwereza zonse zofunikira pakupanga, kugwira ntchito komanso kubereka. Popanda iwo, kufalitsa cholowa ndikosatheka.
RNA. Ribonucleic acid ndi mamolekyu ena ofunikira pakupanga mapuloteni ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga zamoyo. Wopangidwa ndi unyolo wa ribonucleotides, umadalira DNA kuti ipange ndikuberekanso ma genetic, ofunikira pakugawika kwama cell komanso malamulo amitundu yonse yamoyo.
Cholesterol. Lipid amapezeka m'matumba am'magazi ndi m'magazi am'magazi a zinyama, ofunikira m'malamulo a membrane wam'magazi am'magazi, ngakhale milingo yake yayitali kwambiri m'magazi imatha kubweretsa zovuta pakuyenda kwa magazi.

Zitsanzo za mamolekyulu amadzimadzi

Mpweya wa Monixide (CO). Ngakhale kuti imakhala ndi kaboni m'modzi yekha ndi atomu imodzi ya oxygen, ndi molekyulu yopanda kanthu ndi a zowononga chilengedwe poizoni wambiri, kutanthauza kuti, kukhalapo sikugwirizana ndi zamoyo zambiri zomwe zimadziwika.
Madzi (H₂KAPENA). Ngakhale kuti madzi ndi ofunika kwambiri pamoyo ndiponso mwina ndi mamolekyu odziŵika bwino kwambiri ndiponso ochuluka kwambiri. Imatha kukhala ndi zamoyo mkati mwake, monga nsomba, ndipo ili mkati mwazamoyo, koma siyamoyo moyenera.
Amoniya (NH₃). Gasi wopanda mtundu wonunkhira bwino, kupezeka kwake m'zinthu zamoyo poizoni komanso wakupha, ngakhale kuti zimachokera ku zinthu zambiri zamoyo. Ndicho chifukwa chake imachotsedwa m'matupi awo, mwachitsanzo.
Sodium mankhwala enaake (NaCl). Molekyu yamchere wamba, yosungunuka m'madzi komanso yopezeka m'zinthu zamoyo, zomwe zimayamwa kudzera muzakudya zawo ndikuzitaya mopitilira muyeso kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi.
Calcium oxide (CaO). Amadziwika kuti laimu kapena ofulumira, amachokera ku miyala yamiyala ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbiri pomanga kapena popanga moto wachi Greek.
Mpweya (O₃). Zinthu zimakhalapo kumtunda kwa mpweya (ozoni wosanjikiza) omwe mikhalidwe yake yapadera yomwe imalola kuti izikhalapo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zomangira zake zimaola ndikubwezeretsanso mawonekedwe a diatomic (O₂). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi, koma zochulukirapo zimatha kukhumudwitsa komanso poizoni pang'ono.
Ferric okusayidi (Fe₂KAPENA₃). Kawirikawiri chitsulo chosakaniza, chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana a anthu, ndi chofiira ndipo sichabwino kondakitala wamagetsi. Ndikutentha kotentha ndipo imasungunuka mosavuta zidulo, ndikupanga mankhwala ena.
Helium (Iye). Mpweya wabwino, Pamodzi ndi argon, neon, xenon ndi krypton, yotsika kwambiri kapena yopanda tanthauzo yamagetsi, yomwe imapezeka mu monatomic form.
Mpweya woipa (CO₂). Molecule chifukwa cha kupuma, komwe kumawutulutsa, koma kofunikira pazomera za photosynthesis, zomwe zimawutenga mlengalenga. Ndi chinthu chofunikira pamoyo, koma chosatha kupanga mamolekyulu, ngakhale ali ndi atomu ya kaboni.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Makristalo oyera opanda fungo, omwe amadziwika kuti caustic soda, ndi maziko olimba, ndiye kuti, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha desiccant, chomwe chimagwira mwamphamvu (chimatulutsa kutentha) chikasungunuka m'madzi. Pogwirizana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zimapangitsa kuti dzimbiri liwonongeke.