Zitsanzo 20 za Maselo Amatenda - Encyclopedia

Kanema: the atom with a nucleus of proton, neutron and electron, simple chemistry

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Zitsanzo za somatic cell

Pulogalamu yasomatic maselo ndi omwe amapanga kuthupi lonse la ziwalo ndi ziwalo za thupi la zamoyo zingapo zamagulu, mosiyana ndi ziwalo zogonana kapena majeremusi (masewera) ndi ma embryonic cells (stem cell). Maselo onse omwe amapanga matupi, ma ziwalo ndipo zomwe zimafalikira m'magazi ndi madzi ena osabereka, somatic maselo.

Kusiyanaku sikungokhala pakudziwika kwa ntchito zawo, komanso chifukwa chakuti somatic cell ndi mtundu wa diploidndiye kuti ali ndi mndandanda wa ma chromosome momwe chidziwitso chonse cha chibadwa chimapezekamo.

A) Inde, zakuthupi zamaselo onse a somatic ndizofanana. M'malo mwake, maselo ogonana kapena masewera ali ndi chibadwa chapadera, chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kwachilengedwe komwe kumapangidwanso panthawi yomwe adapangidwa, zomwe sizimayimira theka la chidziwitso chonse cha munthuyo.

M'malo mwake, luso la kupanga zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wathunthu wamtunduwu wamtundu uliwonse wamtundu uliwonse wamthupi, chinthu chosatheka kuchita ndi umuna kapena dzira, chifukwa zimadalira wina ndi mnzake kuti mumalize zambiri za munthu wina watsopano.

Zitsanzo za somatic cell

Myocyte. Ili ndi dzina lomwe limaperekedwa kumaselo omwe amapanga minofu ya thupi, malekezero ndi chifuwa ngakhale mtima. Maselowa amadziwika ndi kukhala ndikulimba kwambiri komwe kumawalola kupumula ndikubwezeretsanso mawonekedwe awo apachiyambi, potero amalola kuyenda ndi mphamvu.
Maselo a Epithelial. Amaphimba nkhope yakunja ndi yakunja, kupanga misa yotchedwa epithelium kapena epidermis, yomwe imakhala ndi zigawo zina za khungu ndi mamina. Zimateteza thupi ndi ziwalo kuzinthu zakunja, nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa mamina kapena zinthu zina.
Erythrocytes (maselo ofiira amwazi). Wopanda nyukiliya ndi mitochondria mwa anthu, maselowa amagazi amapatsidwa hemoglobin (yomwe imapatsa magazi mtundu wake wofiira) kuti inyamule oxygen zofunika kwambiri m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Mitundu ina yambiri imakhala ndi maselo ofiira ofiira okhala ndi phata, monga mbalame.
Leukocyte (maselo oyera amwazi). Maselo oteteza komanso oteteza thupi, omwe amayang'anira kuthana ndi othandizira akunja omwe angayambitse matenda kapena matenda. Kawirikawiri zimagwira ntchito kuphimba matupi akunja ndikuloleza kuthamangitsidwa kwawo kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyanamonga mkodzo, ndowe, mamina, ndi zina.
Ma Neurons. Maselo a mitsempha omwe amapanga osati ubongo wokha, komanso msana wam'mimba ndi mathero osiyanasiyana amitsempha, ali ndi udindo wofalitsa zikoka zamagetsi zomwe zimagwirizanitsa minofu ndi machitidwe ena ofunikira. Amapanga zazikulu maukonde a neural kuchokera kulumikizidwa kwa omwe adalemba nawo.
Ma thrombocyte (maselo othandiza magazi kuundana). Zidutswa za cytoplasmic, kuposa ma cell, osasamba komanso opanda phata, ndizofala kuzinyama zonse ndipo zimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakukula komanso pakupanga ma thrombi kapena kuundana. Kuperewera kwake kumatha kutulutsa magazi.
Ndodo kapena masamba a thonje. Maselo omwe ali m'diso la mammalian ndipo amakwaniritsa maudindo a photoreceptor, olumikizidwa ndikuwona m'malo otsika pang'ono.
Ma chondrocyte. Ndiwo mtundu wamaselo omwe amalumikizana ndi khungu, komwe Pangani ma collagen ndi ma proteoglycans, zinthu zomwe zimathandizira matrix a cartilaginous. Ngakhale ndizofunikira pakukhalapo kwa karoti, zimangokhala 5% yokha yamafuta ake.
Matenda a m'mimba. Maselo omwe amapanga mafupa, komanso ma osteoclast, amachokera ku mafupa ndipo amalola kukula kwa mafupa. Polephera kugawa, amatenga gawo lofunikira pakupatula ndikubwezeretsanso matrix oyandikana nawo..
Matenda a hepatocyte. Awa ndi maselo a chiwindi, fyuluta yamagazi komanso yamoyo. Amapanga fayilo ya paulosama (ziwalo zogwirira ntchito) za chiwalo chofunikira ichi, kutulutsa ndulu yofunikira pakudya m'mimba ndikuloleza mayendedwe osiyanasiyana amthupi.
Maselo a plasma. Awa ndi maselo amthupi, monga ma cell oyera, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso chifukwa ali ndi udindo woteteza ma antibodies (ma immunoglobulins): zinthu zopangidwa ndi mapuloteni zofunika kuzindikira mabakiteriya, mavairasi ndi matupi akunja amapezeka mthupi.
Adipocytes. Maselo omwe amapanga adipose (mafuta) minofu, amatha kusunga ma triglycerides ambiri mkati, kukhala dontho la mafuta. Kunena nkhokwe za lipids Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakachepetsa shuga m'magazi ndipo ndikofunikira kupita kumalo osungira mphamvu kuti mupitilize kugwira ntchito zamoyo. Zachidziwikire, atakhala ochulukirapo, mafutawa amatha kuyimira vuto mwa iwo okha.
Zolemba zapamwamba. Maselo a minofu yolumikizana, yomwe imapanga mkati mwa thupi ndikuthandizira ziwalo zosiyanasiyana. Maonekedwe ake osakanikirana ndimikhalidwe yake imadalira malo ndi ntchito, zofunikira pakukonza minofu; koma mu mizere yonse ndi maselo obwezeretsanso ulusi wolumikizana.
Megakaryocyte. Maselo akulu awa, ma nuclei angapo ndi zokuthandizani, kuphatikiza ziphuphu hematopoietic (opanga ma cell amwazi) kuchokera m'mafupa ndi ziwalo zina. Amakhala ndi udindo wopanga ma platelet kapena thrombocytes kuchokera ku zidutswa za cytoplasm yawo.
Macrophages. Maselo otetezera ofanana ndi ma lymphocyte, koma opangidwa kuchokera ku monocytes opangidwa ndi mafupa. Ndi gawo limodzi la zotchinga zoyamba zamatenda, zomwe zimakhudza thupi lililonse lachilendo (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena zinyalala) kuti zitheke. Ndizofunikira pakatupa ndi kukonza minofu, kumeza maselo akufa kapena owonongeka.
Kusungunuka. Onetsani pakhungu, Maselowa ndi omwe amachititsa kuti melanin ipangidwe, yomwe imapatsa khungu utoto wake komanso kumateteza ku kuwala kwa dzuwa. Za ntchito za awa maselo kukula kwa khungu pakhungu kumadalira, chifukwa chake magwiridwe ake amasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu.
Pneumocytes. Maselo apadera omwe amapezeka m'mapapo mwanga alveoli, ofunikira pakupanga surfactant m'mapapo: zinthu zomwe zimachepetsa kupsinjika kwamapapo m'mapapo nthawi yochotsa mpweya komanso zomwe zimakwaniritsa ma immunological.
Maselo a Sertoli. Omwe amakhala m'machubu oyeserera a ma testes, amathandizira ndikuthandizira maselo omwe amachititsa kupanga umuna. Amatulutsa mahomoni ambiri ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi kukonzekera kwa ma gametes ndikuwongolera momwe maselo a Leydig amagwirira ntchito.
Maselo a Leydig. Maselowa amapezekanso m'mayeso, komwe amapanga mahomoni ofunikira kwambiri mthupi lamwamuna: testosterone, yofunikira pakukhazikitsa kukhwima kwa achinyamata mwa achinyamata.
Maselo amadzimadzi. Maselo aminyewa yamanjenje omwe amathandizira ndi kuthandizira ma neuron. Udindo wake ndikuwongolera ma ionic ndi biochemical mkhalidwe wama microcellular., kuteteza njira yolondola yamagetsi yamagetsi.