Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya ndakatulo zamayimbidwe Ndi mawonekedwe amawu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kufotokoza zakukhosi, kuwunikira kapena malingaliro. Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito potchula nyimbo, nyimbo ndi zachikondi, ndipo ndakatulo zosamveka bwino siziyenera kumvekedwa kuti ndizofanana ndi ndakatulo monga mtundu wa zolemba.
Mawu nyimbo Zimachokera ku chizolowezi chachi Greek cholemba ndakatulo zomwe zimatsatiridwa ndi ndakatuloyi ndi zida zoimbira monga zeze (wotchedwanso Erato, malo osungira ndakatulo).
Nthano zoyimbidwa kapena zowerengedwa zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ndakatulo zopeka kapena zosimba chifukwa zimangokhala m'malo achinsinsi, achikondi komanso odalirika. M'malo mwake, akuloza mitundu yosavuta komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mita ndi nyimbo, popeza chidwi chake chimangokhala pa zosangalatsa m'malo mokongoletsa mawonekedwe ake.
- Onaninso: Ndakatulo
Mitundu ina yachikhalidwe cha ndakatulo ndi:
- Njira ya ode. Kutamanda kapena kufotokozera ndakatulo za chinthu, munthu (nthawi zambiri wokondedwa kapena ngwazi) kapena zina.
- Kukula. Nthano zodziwika bwino za abusa, nthawi zambiri zimangotengera zochitika za bucolic komanso zokumana nazo zakutchire, pogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe.
- Sonnet. Ndakatulo yopangidwa ndi malembo khumi ndi anayi (14) omwe amapangidwa ndi mawu amodzi, ogawika magawo awiri amawu anayi ndi awiri mwa atatu (quartet ndi triplet) kuti akwaniritse nyimbo zawo. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri amawonedwa ngati ndakatulo yopambana.
- Elegy. Nyimbo yowawa, kutsanzikana kapena kulira0.
- Madrigal. Makamaka ndakatulo yachikondi, yayitali m'lifupi koma yodalirika m'mitundu yake komanso yodzaza ndi chinsinsi cha wokondedwayo.
- Epigram. Nyimbo yachidule, nthawi zambiri imakhala yoseketsa, yoseketsa kapena yoseweretsa, momwe amisili ndi nzeru za wolemba ndakatulo amawonetsedwa.
Zitsanzo za ndakatulo zomveka
- "Sonnet" wolemba Lope de Vega
Sonnet imandiuza kuti ndichite Violante,
kuti m'moyo wanga ndadziwona ndekha m'mavuto ambiri:
mavesi khumi ndi anai akuti ndi sonnet,
kunyoza, kunyoza, atatuwo amapita patsogolo.
Ndimaganiza kuti sichipeza konsonanti
ndipo ndili pakati pa quartet ina;
koma ngati ndikudziwona ndekha nditatu,
palibe chilichonse m'makotala omwe amandiwopseza.
Kwa katatu koyamba komwe ndikulowa,
ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ndinalowa ndi phazi lamanja,
Malizitsani ndi vesi ili lomwe ndikupereka.
Ndili kale m'chiwiri, ndipo ndikukayikirabe
Ndikudutsa mavesi khumi ndi atatu akumaliza:
werengani ngati alipo khumi ndi anayi: zachitika
- "Romance del Conde Arnaldos" (chidutswa) wolemba wosadziwika
Ndani angakhale ndi mwayi wotere
pamadzi anyanja,
popeza kudali kuwerengera Arnaldos
m'mawa wa San Juan
kupita kukasaka kusaka
kuti khola lake lonenepa,
ndinawona ngalawa ikubwera
kuti mukufuna kukafika kumtunda
makandulo amabweretsa silika
ngalawa zagolide za torzal
nangula ali ndi siliva
miyala yamtengo wapatali (...)
- "Soneto XXIII" wolemba Garcilaso de la Vega
Pomwe rose ndi kakombo
mtundu ukuwonetsedwa m'manja mwanu,
ndikuti kuyang'ana kwanu modzipereka, moona mtima,
amayatsa mtima ndikuletsa;
ndipo malinga ngati tsitsi, ilo mu mtsempha
adasankhidwa ndi golidi, athamanga msanga,
chifukwa cha kolala yoyera yokongola, yowongoka,
mphepo imayenda, imabalalitsa ndi kusokoneza;
gwira kasupe wako wosangalala
zipatso zokoma, isanakwane nthawi yokwiya
kuphimba msonkhano wapamwambawo ndi chisanu.
Mphepo yozizira idzafota maluwa.
Chilichonse chidzasintha m'badwo wowala
posasuntha chizolowezi chake.
- "Kwa mphuno" (sonnet) wolemba Francisco de Quevedo
Nthawi ina munthu adakanirira mphuno,
kamodzi pamphuno yopambana,
nthawi ina panali mphuno ya sayón ndikulemba,
Kamodzi pa nsombazi.
Anali oyang'ana nkhope moipa,
kamodzi pa guwa loganizira,
nthawi ina panali njovu nkhope mmwamba,
Ovidio Nasón adanenedwa kwambiri.
Kamodzi pamtunda wa ngalawa,
kamodzi pa piramidi ku Egypt,
Mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ya mphuno inali.
Kamodzi pamphuno yopanda malire,
mphuno zambiri, mphuno zowopsa
kuti pamaso pa Anasi udali mlandu.
- "Rima LIII" (chidutswa) cholembedwa ndi Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
Akameza akuda abwerera
zisa zawo zokhala pakhonde panu,
komanso ndi phiko kupita kumakristalo ake
akusewera adzaitana.
Koma omwe ndegeyo idabwerera
Kukongola kwanu ndi chisangalalo changa kusinkhasinkha,
iwo omwe adaphunzira mayina athu ...
Iwo ... sadzabwerera!
Ng'ombe yamphongo yamphongo idzabwerera
makoma oti akwere, kuchokera kumunda mwako,
ndipo madzulo ngakhale kukongola kwambiri
maluwa ake adzatseguka. (…)
- "Mdima wakuda" (chidutswa) cha Rosalía de Castro
Ndikaganiza kuti wachoka
mdima wakuda womwe umandidabwitsa,
pansi pa mitu yanga,
umabwerera kudzandiseka.
Ndikaganiza kuti wachoka
dzuwa lomwelo mumandiwonetsa,
ndipo ndiwe nyenyezi yomwe imawala,
Ndipo ndiwe mphepo yomwe imawomba (…)
- "Mukadzitaya nokha ..." wolemba Ernesto Cardenal
Pamene ndidakutaya, iwe ndi ine tataya:
Ine chifukwa ndiwe amene ndimamukonda kwambiri
ndi inu chifukwa chakuti ine ndimakukondani koposa.
Koma awiri a inu mutaya zambiri kuposa ine:
chifukwa ndidzatha kukonda ena monga momwe ndinakondera inu
koma sadzakukondani monga momwe ine ndakukonderani.
- "Margarita, nyanja ndiyokongola" (chidutswa) cholembedwa ndi Rubén Darío
Margarita, nyanja ndiyokongola,
ndi mphepo
Ili ndi maluwa obisika a maluwa a lalanje:
mpweya wanu.
Popeza udzakhala kutali ndi ine,
pulumutsa, mtsikana, malingaliro odekha
komwe tsiku lina amafuna kukuwuzani
nkhani. (…)
- "CXXII" wolemba Antonio Machado
Ndinalota kuti mwanditenga
pansi pa msewu woyera,
pakati pa munda wobiriwira,
kulowera kubuluu lamapiri,
kulowera kumapiri a buluu,
m'mawa wodekha.
Ndinamva dzanja lako ndili langa
Dzanja lako monga mnzako,
mawu ako atsikana khutu langa
ngati belu latsopano,
ngati belu la namwali
ya mbandakucha.
Iwo anali mawu ako ndi dzanja lako,
m'maloto, zowona! ...
Khalani ndi chiyembekezo amene akudziwa
Zomwe dziko lapansi limameza!
- "Ulendo wotsimikizika" wolemba Juan Ramón Jiménez
Ndipo ndipita. Ndipo mbalame zidzakhala, zikuimba;
ndipo dimba langa lidzatsalira ndi mtengo wake wobiriwira,
ndi chitsime chake choyera.
Madzulo aliwonse thambo lidzakhala labuluu ndi lamtendere;
ndipo adzasewera, masana akusewera,
mabelu a belfry.
Amene adandikonda adzafa;
ndipo tauniyo idzakhala yatsopano chaka ndi chaka;
ndi pakona ya munda wanga wamaluwa ndi woyera,
mzimu wanga umayendayenda, wosasamala.
Ndipo ndipita; Ndipo ndidzakhala ndekha, wopanda nyumba, wopanda mtengo
wobiriwira, wopanda chitsime choyera,
popanda thambo lamtambo ndi losakhazikika ...
Ndipo mbalame zidzakhala, zikuimba.
- "Nyimbo ya pirate" (chidutswa) cha José de Espronceda
Ndi makanoni khumi pagulu lililonse,
Mphepo m'maulendo awo,
sichidula nyanja, koma ntchentche
bwato la brig.
Amayitanitsa zombo za Pirate,
chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwake, Oopa,
m'nyanja iliyonse yodziwika
kuchokera kumalire ena. (…)
- "Ode I - Moyo Wopuma pantchito" (chidutswa) cholemba Fray Luis de León
Moyo wopumula bwanji
amene amathawa kudziko lamisala,
ndi kubisala
njira, komwe apita
amuna anzeru ochepa omwe adakhalapo padziko lapansi;
Izi sizimaphimba chifuwa chanu
a dziko lonyada,
kapena denga lagolide
amasilira, amapangidwa
ya Moro wanzeru, mu yaspi yolimba! (…)
- "Vaquera de la Finojosa" (chidutswa) cha Marqués de Santillana
Mtsikana wokongola kwambiri
Sindinawone pamalire,
ngati msungwana
a a Finojosa.
Kumanga mseu
wa Calatraveño
kwa Santa Maria,
kugonjetsedwa kuchokera ku tulo,
kudutsa m'dziko lokakala
Ndataya mpikisanowu
Ndinawona mtsikana wagalu
a a Finojosa. (…)
- "Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique chifukwa cha imfa ya abambo ake" (chidutswa) cholembedwa ndi Jorge Manrique
Kumbukirani moyo wogona,
kulimbikitsa ubongo ndi kudzuka,
kuyang'anira
momwe moyo umadutsira,
momwe imfa imabwerera
bata kwambiri;
chisangalalo chimapita mwachangu,
bwanji, atavomera
zimapweteka,
momwe, m'malingaliro athu,
nthawi yapitayi
Zinali bwino. (…)
- "Magazi okhetsedwa" (chidutswa) cha Federico García Lorca
Sindikufuna kuziwona!
Uzani mwezi kuti ubwere
Sindikufuna kuwona magazi
ya Ignacio pamchenga.
Sindikufuna kuziwona!
Kutalika kwa mwezi.
Akavalo amtambo okhazikika,
ndi malo otuwa a loto
ndi misondodzi pa zotchinga. (…)
Onaninso:
- Ndakatulo Zachikondi
- Ndakatulo zazifupi
- Zithunzi za ndakatulo
