Zitsanzo za Crystallization

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Zitsanzo za crystallization
Njira zina zolekanitsa zosakaniza

Pulogalamu ya makina ndiyo njira yosinthira mankhwala a mpweya, madzi kapena chimodzi kusungunuka, pamaneti olumikizana ndi ma molekyulu omwe amabweretsa makhiristo olimba.

Makristali ndi oyera mwachilengedwe, chifukwa chake njirayi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatulira zinthu zina homogeneous osakaniza. Pulogalamu ya makina zitha kuchitika kudzera munjira zingapo, kuphatikiza kusintha kwa kutentha kapena kupanikizika, komanso kusakaniza ndi mankhwala ena ndi zinthu.

Maonekedwe, kukula kwake ndi mtundu wa makhiristo omwe amapezeka atengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso nthawi yomwe mapangidwe awo amaloledwa.

Makhiristo ndi mawonekedwe olimba omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanitsidwa bwino. Amakhala achilengedwe ndipo amagawidwa malinga ndi malamulo awo monga: olimba, wowala, ionic, covalent, maselo ndi zachitsulo.

Kupanga chisanu. Pamasiku ozizira makamaka, nthunzi yamadzi yozungulira imatha kukhazikika pamalo ozizira ngati magalasi kapena zitsulo zina, monga matalala. Izi zimadziwika ngati chisanu, koma ndimakristasi amadzi okhala ndi malamulo okhazikika komanso opangidwa bwino.
Madzi ozizira. Ngakhale madzi oundana si kristalo, panthawi yoyamba yamadzi ozizira ndizotheka kuwona kapangidwe ka ma dendrites ndi zinthu zina zomizidwa mu chidebezo zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi makhiristo.
Madzi amchere amatuluka madzi. Njirayi imakonda kwambiri kupeza miyala yamchere komanso kupukuta madzi. Mukatentha, madzi amakhala amadzimadzi ndipo mchere womwe umasungunuka umatsalira, ndikuphatikizanso mamolekyulu awo ngati miyala yamchere pansi.
Kupanga aspirin. Acetylsalicylic acid, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, ndi ester yomwe imawonekera pamaso pa anhidride wamankhwala komanso asidi sulfuric, kuwonjezera pa jakisoni wa kutentha.
Kutentha kwa mafuta. Izi ndizothandiza kupeza mafuta omveka bwino komanso kutsika kotsika, kuchokera kuzizira kwamafuta mwachangu komanso kosalekeza komwe kumapangitsa kuti ma crystallization amtundu wa stearins, ma glycerides okhathamira, sera ndi zinthu zina zosafunikira. Izi zikangopanga makhiristo olimba, zimasefedwa ndipo centrifuge mafuta asanabwezeretsenso kuchuluka kwawo ndipo amachotsedwa mu kusakaniza.
Shuga crystallization. Sucrose ndi zotsekemera zina zomwe malonda awo amalonda ali m'makristasi kuti azisungunuka ndi zakumwa, apanga njira ya crystallization kuchokera kumadzi otsekemera omwe amachokera. Kenaka chisakanizocho chimakhala ndi centrifuged kuti chilekanitse makhiristo a uchi. Shuga "blond" kapena "bulauni", osati woyera, ndimashuga enieni mgawo lawo loyamba la crystallization (osafotokozedwanso).
Makhiristo ophatikizika a kaboni. Poyang'aniridwa ndi zovuta zapansi panthaka komanso kuchepa kwa kusintha kwa mpweya, kaboni imatha kukhala chilichonse mwazinthu zitatu izi: kaboni, graphite kapena daimondi. Nkhani yomalizayi ndichitsanzo cha magalasi, omwe maatomu ali ogwirizana kwambiri kotero kuti amapereka zovuta komanso zotsika kwambiri limatsogolera mfundo anazindikira.
Sublimation yobwerera. Ena olimba kuti akawonetsedwa ndikutentha amatha kukhala gaseous state (kugonjera) amatha kubwezeretsanso mawonekedwe awo ngati makhiristo, akawonetsedwa ndi kutentha, mu zomwe zimatchedwa reverse sublimation. Pochita izi zosafunika za olimba zidzakhala zitatayika ndipo padzakhala makhiristo oyera m'malo mwawo. Izi zimathandiza poyeretsa ayodini kapena sulfure, mwachitsanzo.
Pakachitsulo kuyeretsedwa. Ngakhale silicon siyichepetsera, ndizotheka kuipukuta mwa kuyisungunula kenako ndikuziziritsa, kuti muchepetse zosungunuka kuchokera kumakristalo osakanikirana kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani opanga ma superconductor.
Benzoic asidi crystallization. Njira iyi ya crystallization imachokera ku yankho la benzoic acid mu acetone, ndikungowonjezera madzi. Kuyanjana pakati pa zosungunulira ziwirizi kumabweretsa chisakanizo chatsopano ndipo asidi ya benzoic imawonekera pansi pa chidebecho.
Mapangidwe amiyala yam'madzi. Monga a mollusks, corals ndi bivalves, omwe kudzera mwa ena mapuloteni Sizingangothamanga, koma zimapangitsanso miyala yamtengo wapatali ya calcite kapena quartz pathanthwe momwe gulu lawo lidzapangire.
Mapangidwe amtundu wa kristalo. Muzinthu monga sulfure dioxide (SO₂), Magulu a Van der Waals ndi ma hydrogen bond amatsogolera pakupanga timibulu tating'onoting'ono, tomwe nthawi zambiri timakhala tomwe timasungunuka ndi kusungunuka pansi pa 100 ° C.
Makristali a siliva amakanema. Kupeza timibulu tasiliva kumathandiza pazida zina za kanema kapena makina azithunzi oyambilira (osati digito), chifukwa amazindikira kuwala ndipo amalola kukonzedwanso kwa chinthucho malingana ndi kuwala kwa mandala. Amapezeka kuchokera ku mankhwala mankhwala monga bromide ya siliva, chloride kapena iodide.
Makandulo a calcium oxalate. Makristaliwa amapangidwa ndi kuyika kwa inu pitani kunja ndi calcium mu impso, momwe zimakhalira ndi oxidize ndikupanga miyala yaying'ono yakuda yomwe imayenera kuthamangitsidwa mopweteka limodzi ndi mkodzo. Ndi matenda ofala a impso omwe amadziwika kuti miyala ya impso, kapena "mwala" kapena "grit" mu impso.
Uric asidi crystallization. Ichi ndi chodabwitsa cha matenda omwe amadziwika kuti dontho, momwe timibulu ta uric acid timapangira m'malo olumikizirana mafupa, ndikupweteka komanso kuchepa mayendedwe. Zitha kukhala chifukwa chakulowetsa kwa purines mopitilira muyeso, kapena kulephera kwa impso kwakukula kwakukulu.