Zithandizo (ndi mawonekedwe awo)

Ndi mpumulo Chilichonse chotuluka pamalo athyathyathya chimadziwika, ndikusintha malinga ndi kutalika kwake. Pamwambapa, pomwe pali ochepa padziko lapansi (popeza dziko lapansili limapangidwa ndimadzi) amapanganso zosiyanasiyananso.

Geography ndi geomorphology ndi magawo asayansi omwe amakhala gawo lina la sayansi, sayansi yapadziko lapansi, kapangidwe kake ndi zochitika zomwe zimakhudza. Kapangidwe ka dziko lapansi, kumbali inayo, sikakhazikika: imasinthidwa yomwe imachitika pang'onopang'ono.

Njira za geological zitha kukhala zotulukapo zamphamvu zamkati mwapadziko lapansi (zochitika zaphulika ndi zivomerezi) kapena zopangidwa ndi othandizira ena monga mphepo, madzi ndi zamoyo. Pali kuchulukana kwakukulu kwambiri kwa zopulumutsa padziko lonse lapansi. Mndandanda wotsatira utchula ena mwa iwo, limodzi ndi kufotokoza mwachidule mikhalidwe yawo ndi zitsanzo.

1. Ma Plateaus: Madera osiyanasiyana okwera komanso ochepa, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa madzi kapena mphepo. Msonkhanowu siwokulirapo koma wofewa pang'ono.
   1. Chigwa cha Tibet
   2. Mapiri a Andes
   3. Chigawo Chapakati cha Spain
2. Zigwa: Zigwa zomwe zimakhala ndi malo opanda kutalika. Wopangidwa ndi miyala ya sedimentary, pomwe kudzikundikira kwamadzimadzi kumachitika. Kutalika kwake kumakhala kosakwana mamita 200, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi nyengo zotentha.
   1. Zigwa Zapamwamba, ku United States
   2. Pampas plain, ku Argentina
   3. Gulf of Mexico Plain Plain
3. Kusokonezeka: Madera akutali poyerekeza ndi madera ozungulira. Kukhumudwaku kumatha kukhala kocheperako ngati kungotsika poyerekeza ndi komwe kumazungulira, pomwe kungakhale kotheratu ngati kuli kotsika kuposa nyanja.
   1. Kukhumudwa kwa Grenada
   2. Kukhumudwa kwa Caspic
   3. Great Bass waku San Julián
4. Cliff: Kutsetsereka kwamiyala kumawonekera molunjika.
   1. A Dan Brist, aku Ireland
   2. Rock Old Man, ku Scotland
   3. Zowopsa miyala ya Kellingin kuzilumba za Faeroe
5. Mapiri: Malo omwe amachokera ku kugunda pakati pama tectonic plate. Kukwezeka kumadziwika ndipo mapiri amapangidwa, chochitika chomwe chimachitika kawirikawiri nthawi ya Cenozoic. Omwe akusongoka kwambiri amapezeka nthawi yachinyamata, pomwe akale kwambiri amakhala ochepa.
   1. Phiri la Everest
   2. Phiri lhotse
   3. Phiri la Makalu
6. Mapiri: Gulu la mapiri omwe adakonzedwa patali ndithu, koma mosalekeza.
   1. Andes mapiri
   2. Mapiri a Himalaya
   3. Mapiri a Cantabrian
7. Chilumba: Gawo la malo ozunguliridwa ndi madzi mbali zitatu, lolumikizidwa ku kontrakitala pogwiritsa ntchito mzere.
   1. Zilumba za Florida
   2. Chilumba cha Valdés
   3. Chilumba cha Sinai
8. Mapiri: Mapiri otsika kwambiri.
   1. Phiri la Kenya
   2. Phiri la Teide, ku Tenerife
   3. Phiri la Elgon
9. Canyon: Mtsinje womwe umachitika chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa madzi kwa mtsinjewo. Makoma a canyon amapanga phompho.
   1. Mtsinje wa Colorado
   2. Lobos mtsinje canyon
   3. Sianok Canyon
10. Zigwa: Malo athyathyathya momwe madzi ochokera paphiri amasungunuka. Kukokoloka kumachitika m'njira yoti mtundu wa 'U' uwoneke.
    1. Chigwa cha Tierra Meya
    2. Chigwa cha Acatlán
    3. Chigwa cha Salinas

Mbali inayi, komanso m'nyanja mitundu yosiyanasiyana yothandizidwa imapangidwa. Zilumba, zomwe zimatchulidwa ngati zakumtunda, zimakhala ndi mtundu wina wamadzi: mgwirizano wa chilumbachi ndi madera ena onse amatchedwa isthmus. M'madera am'nyanja mutha kuwonekeranso, chifukwa cholowera kunyanja pagombe. Pakhoza kukhala magombe, milu, mapiri kapena zilumba, komanso zilumba zazing'ono ndi mitu.