Zamkati
A zolembalemba Ndi mtundu wina wamakalata kapena wolemba womwe umapatsa mwayi kukongoletsa, ndakatulo komanso mawonekedwe osewerera pazomwe zili ndi uthengawo.
Zolemba pamanja zimafotokoza njira zaumwini komanso zaulere pazowunikira, zokumana nazo kapena zosinkhasinkha zenizeni, ndi cholinga chofuna kupatsa chidwi owerenga.
M'malo mwake, chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pamalemba aliwonse, komanso mitundu ina yazaluso, ndikuti ilibe ntchito yomveka kapena cholinga china. Mwanjira ina, ilibe ntchito ndipo ndiko kusiyana kwake kwakukulu ndi zolemba zosalemba.
Ku Girisi wakale, komwe kumadziwika kuti ndi kumadzulo kwa West, tsoka (lotsogola lamasiku ano) linali lofunikira pamakhalidwe azikhalidwe za nzika, chifukwa zimafalitsa mfundo zandale, zachipembedzo komanso zikhalidwe zomwe zimawonedwa kuti ndizofunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, epic (yomwe idalongosola nkhani yapano) inali njira yofalitsira nthano zoyambira za chitukuko cha Hellenic, monga zomwe zili mu Iliad ndipo Pulogalamu yaOdyssey.
Pakadali pano, zolembalemba zimawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lazisangalalo, zosangalatsa ndi zochitika zamaphunziro zomwe zidafotokozedwanso, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ngati maumboni ndikuwonjeza zochitika zakale, nkhani zodziwika bwino, zizindikilo ndi zikhalidwe zazikhalidwe, komanso zosintha zenizeni kapena zokongoletsedwa ndi zopeka.
Onaninso:
- Mitundu yolemba
- Zochitika zolemba
Mitundu yolemba
Pakadali pano, zolembalemba zimagawidwa molingana ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito chilankhulo, mwalamulo lotchedwa zolemba. Izi ndi:
- Nthano. Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo nkhani yayifupi, buku, nkhani yaying'ono, nkhani zolembedwa ndi mitundu ina ya nkhaniyi, zenizeni kapena zongoyerekeza, zosangalatsa kapena zowona, zomwe zimatsindika otchulidwa, chimango cha zomwe achite komanso mawonekedwe a wofotokozera kuti pangani chiyembekezo cha owerenga, zovuta ndi zina zotere.
- Ndakatulo. Ndizo zaluso kwambiri pamanja, popeza mulibe malamulo aliwonse omwe amatanthauzira ndakatulo kapena ayi, kupatula cholinga chake chofotokozera zakumverera, malingaliro omwe alipo, mawunikidwe kapena mulingo wina koma osakhalapo otchulidwa otchulidwa kapena ofotokozera omveka bwino kapena zochitika.Poyamba anali kutambasula nyimbo ndi mavesi omwe amawerengedwa ndi masilabu angapo, koma lero akuwerengedwa kuti ndakatulo imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse, ndikumvera nyimbo zawo zosamveka bwino.
- Masewera. Zolemba pamasewera ndi omwe mawonekedwe ake amapangidwira bwalo lamasewera, kanema kapena kanema wawayilesi. Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo zilembo ndi zosintha, munthawi zomwe zimachitika pamaso pa wowonera osagwirizana ndi wolemba nkhani.
- Mayeso. Nkhaniyi ili ndi njira yowunikira komanso yofotokozera pamutu uliwonse, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zotsutsana zomwe zimafuna kupereka malingaliro kapena malingaliro osasindikizidwa.
Zitsanzo za zolembalemba
- "La poesía" wolemba Eugenio Montejo (ndakatulo)
Nthano zimadutsa dziko lapansi lokha,
thandizani mawu anu mu ululu wa dziko lapansi
ndipo palibe chofunsa
-ngakhale ngakhale mawu.
Imachokera kutali komanso popanda nthawi, sichenjeza konse;
Ali ndi kiyi wachitseko.
Kulowa nthawi zonse kuyima kuti atiwonere.
Kenako amatsegula dzanja lake ndikutipatsa
duwa kapena mwala, china chinsinsi,
koma kwambiri kotero kuti mtima umagunda
mofulumira kwambiri. Ndipo tidadzuka.
- "Dziko" la Augusto Monterroso (nkhani yaying'ono)
Mulungu sanalenge dziko lapansi; akungolingalira, monga pakati pa maloto. Chifukwa chake dziko lapansi ndi langwiro, koma losokoneza.
- Moliére a "The Miser" (masewero)
ZOKHUDZA. Elisa wokondeka, umamva bwanji kusungulumwa chifukwa chotsimikizika kuti wandichitira zabwino kuti undipatse chisangalalo chako! Ndikuwonani mukuusa moyo, tsoka, mkati mwa chisangalalo changa. Kodi ndikumva kuti mumanong'oneza bondo, ndiuzeni, kuti mwandisangalatsa? Ndipo mukudandaula ndi lonjezo ili, lomwe chidwi changa chakukakamizani?
ELISA. Ayi, Valerio; Sindingadandaule zonse zomwe ndikukuchitirani. Ndimasunthidwa ndi mphamvu yokoma kwambiri, ndipo ndilibe ngakhale mphamvu yolakalaka kuti zinthu zisachitike mwanjira imeneyi. Koma kunena zoona, kutha kwabwino kumandipangitsa kuti ndisakhale ndi nkhawa, ndipo ndikuopa kwambiri kukukondani kuposa momwe ndiyenera.
ZOKHUDZA. Hei! Mukuopa chiyani Elisa, za kukoma mtima komwe mwandichitira?
- "La trama celeste" wolemba Adolfo Bioy Casares (nkhani yayifupi, chidutswa)
Pamene Captain Ireneo Morris ndi Dr. Carlos Alberto Servian, dokotala wochiritsa odwala, atasowa ku Buenos Aires pa Disembala 20, manyuzipepala sananene chilichonse pankhaniyi. Ananenedwa kuti panali anthu onyengedwa, anthu ovuta komanso kuti komiti ikufufuza; Ananenanso kuti kayendedwe kakang'ono ka ndege komwe othawirako adagwiritsa ntchito kanapangitsa kutsimikiza kuti sanapite patali kwambiri. Masiku amenewo ndinalandira lamulo; Munali: mavoliyumu atatu mu quarto (ntchito zonse za chikominisi Luis Augusto Blanqui); mphete ya mtengo wochepa (aquamarine yokhala ndi chithunzi cha mulungu wamkazi wamutu wakutsogolo); masamba ochepa olemba - The Adventures of Captain Morris - adasaina C.A. Ndidzasindikiza masamba amenewo. (…)
- "Lolita" wolemba Vladimir Nabokov (buku, chidutswa)
Lolita, kuwunika kwa moyo wanga, moto wamkati mwanga. Tchimo langa, moyo wanga. Lo-li-ta: nsonga ya lilime limayenda ulendo wa masitepe atatu kuchokera m'mphepete mwa m'kamwa kuti mupumule, wachitatu, m'mphepete mwa mano. Icho. Li. Ta. Anali Lo, basi Lo, m'mawa, mapazi asanu mapazi anayi opanda mapazi. Anali Lola atavala buluku. Anali Dolly kusukulu. Anali Dolores pomwe adasaina. Koma m'manja mwanga nthawi zonse anali Lolita. (…)
- "Paseando mi cigarro" wolemba Gay Talese (zolembalemba, ndemanga)
Usiku uliwonse ndikatha kudya ndimatuluka ndi agalu anga awiri kupita ku Park Avenue kukayenda ndi ndudu yanga. Ndudu yanga ndi yofanana ndi agalu anga awiri, ndipo agalu anga amakopeka ndi fungo lawo: amadumpha miyendo yanga ndikayiyatsa ndisanayambe kuyenda, ndikutuluka kofinya komanso maso omwe ali ndi chidwi, ndikuwoneka mosusuka Nthawi iliyonse ndikawapatsa ma bisiketi apakhomo kapena thireyi ya zitumbuwa zokometsera zomwe zatsala kumphika zathu. (…)
- "The Labyrinth of Solitude" yolembedwa ndi Octavio Paz (nkhani, chidutswa)
Kwa tonsefe, nthawi ina, kukhalapo kwathu kwawululidwa kwa ife monga china chake, chosasunthika komanso chamtengo wapatali. Vumbulutso ili pafupifupi nthawi zonse limakula. Kuzipeza kwathu kumadziwonetsera ngati tikudziwa tokha; pakati pa dziko lapansi ndi ife khoma losawoneka, lotseguka limatseguka: chikumbumtima chathu. Ndizowona kuti tikangobadwa timakhala osungulumwa; Koma ana ndi akulu amatha kuthana ndi kusungulumwa kwawo ndikuyiwala mwa kusewera kapena ntchito. M'malo mwake, wachinyamata, wosakhazikika pakati paubwana ndi unyamata, amayimitsidwa kwakanthawi patsogolo pa chuma chopanda malire chadziko lapansi. Wachinyamatayo amadabwa kuti. (…)
- Pitirizani ndi: Mapemphero a zolembalemba
