Zinthu zamagetsi

Zamkati

• Tebulo la nthawi ndi nthawi lazinthu
• Makhalidwe ndi deta
• Zitsanzo za zinthu zamagulu

Pulogalamu yazinthu zamagulu Ndi zinthu zomwe sizingachepetsedwe kapena kuwonongeka kukhala zinthu zina zosavuta. Pachifukwa ichi, zitha kunenedwa kuti chinthu ndicho zonse nkhani zopangidwa ndi maatomu a gulu lomwelo komanso lapadera.

Kutanthauzira koyamba kwa mankhwala amafotokozera idayambitsidwa ndi Lavoisier mu Chikhalidwe Chimlémentaire de Chimie, mu 1789. Kubwerera m'zaka za zana la 18, Lavoisier adagawa zinthu zosavuta m'magulu anayi:

1. Zinthu za matupi;
2. Zosakanikirana zachitsulo zosakanikirana ndi zinthu zosungunuka;
3. Zinthu zosakanikirana komanso zosungunuka zachitsulo, ndi ...
4. Zinthu zodalitsika zapadziko lapansi.

Tebulo la nthawi ndi nthawi lazinthu

Lero Zinthu zokwanira 119 zimadziwika, yomwe imagawika m'magulu onse 18 ndi nthawi 7. Zonsezi zimaphatikizidwa mu chiwonetsero chodziwika bwino chotchedwa Periodic Table of the Elements, chomwe chidapangidwa koyambirira ndi katswiri wamagetsi waku Russia a Dimitri Mendeleyev mu 1869.

Pulogalamu ya magulu akulu Zomwe zingapezeke patebulo ili ndizitsulo za alkali, zitsulo zamchere zamchere, zitsulo zosinthira (lomwe ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri), zitsulo zosintha pambuyo pake, ma metalloids, ma palibe zitsulo (zinthu zofunika pamoyo zili pano, monga oxygen ndi nayitrogeni), halogens, Mpweya wabwino, ndipo pamapeto pake pali magulu awiri azinthu, ma lanthanides ndi ma actinides, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa ma Earth osowa (ngakhale ena amakhala ochulukirapo).

Zambiri mwa zinthuzi zimakhala ndi ma isotopu a radioactive. Zinthu zamankhwala zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe monga point of kuwira ndi za kusakanikirana, kukondera, kachulukidwe ndi utali wozungulira wa ionic, pakati pa ena. Makhalidwewa ndiofunikira chifukwa amalola kuneneratu zamakhalidwe ake, kuyambiranso, ndi zina zambiri.

Makhalidwe ndi deta

Chigawo chilichonse cha mankhwala chimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo. Choyamba, chake chizindikiro cha chilengedwe chonse, chokhala ndi chilembo chimodzi kapena ziwiri (pamsonkhano, ngati pali makalata awiri, yoyamba imalembedwa m'mizere yayikulu ndipo ina m'mizere yaying'ono).

Pamwamba ndi kumanzere kumawoneka mu typeface su yaying'ononambala ya atomiki, yomwe ndi yomwe imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma proton omwe ali nawo. Kenako dzina lonse la element ndipo pansipa iyi nambala yomwe ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa atomiki mumagalamu pa mole.

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ma atomu osiyanasiyana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma proton omwe amakhala pachimake kumakulirakulira, chimakopa kwambiri ma elekitironi, motero voliyumu imayamba kuchepa. Voliyumu ya atomiki ikakhala yocheperako, ma elekitironi omwe ali kumtunda kwenikweni kwa mtambo amakopeka kwambiri ndi phata, motero samangotaya mtima mosavuta. Zosiyana zimachitika ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi ma atomiki ambiri: zimasiya ma elekitironi awo akunja mosavuta.

Zitsanzo za zinthu zamagulu

Itha kukutumikirani:

• Zitsanzo za Zida Zamakina
• Zitsanzo za Zochita Zamakina
• Zitsanzo za Zida Zamakina
• Zitsanzo za Zitsulo ndi Zopanda Zitsulo