Maantibayotiki (ndi zomwe amapangira)

Zamkati

• Zitsanzo za maantibayotiki ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito

Pulogalamu ya maantibayotiki Ndiwo mtundu wa mankhwala ochokera kuzinthu zamoyo kapena zopangidwira, zomwe katundu wawo wamkulu ndi wa Pewani kukula ndi kufalikira kwa tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake.

Pulogalamu ya maantibayotiki Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira anthu, nyama ndi zomera motsutsana ndi matenda omwe amachokera ku bakiteriya, ndichifukwa chake amadziwika kuti antibacterial.

Mwachidule, chithandizo cha maantibayotiki imagwira ntchito imodzi chemotherapy, ndiye kuti, kusefukira thupi ndi zinthu zovulaza moyo wama cell, komwe tizilombo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena wowononga amakhala ovuta kwambiri kuposa maselo wodwala.

Kumvetsetsa kwa mabakiteriya yakhudzidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki mosasamala, ndikulimbikitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwa iwo. Pachifukwa ichi, mibadwo yatsopano yamankhwala amphamvu kwambiri kapena yapadera imayenera kupangidwa.

Zitsanzo za maantibayotiki ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito

• Penicillin. Kuchokera ku bowa penicillium Wolemba Enerst Duchesne mu 1897 ndipo Alexander Fleming anavomereza mwangozi, ndiye mankhwala oyamba opangidwa ndi maantibayotiki oyenera. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yambiri yama bakiteriya imakhala yolimbana nayo kale, koma ikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi pneumococci, streptococci ndi staphylococci, komanso matenda osiyanasiyana m'mimba, magazi, mafupa, mafupa ndi meninges. Pali odwala omwe sagwirizana ndi njira yake omwe sangachiritsidwe nawo.
• Arsphenamine. Maantibayotiki oyenera, popeza adagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaso pa penicillin motsutsana ndi chindoko. Kuchokera ku arsenic, yayesedwa kangapo mpaka isakhale poizoni kwa wodwalayo, ngakhale yayikulu ikadali yowopsa. Anasamutsidwa ndi penicillin, yomwe ndi yotetezeka kwambiri komanso yothandiza.
• Mankhwalawa. Maantibayotiki oyamba am'gulu la macrolides, kutanthauza kuti, opatsidwa mphete za ma lactone, adapezeka mu 1952 kuchokera ku mabakiteriya omwe ali panthaka yaku Philippines. Ndizothandiza kwambiri motsutsana gram zabwino mabakiteriya ya m'matumbo ndi njira yopumira, komanso Chlamydia panthawi yoyembekezera, koma imakhala ndi zovuta zina.
• Kanamycin. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kabwino, Kanamycin imathandiza kwambiri motsutsana ndi chifuwa chachikulu, mastitis, nephritis, septicemia, chibayo, actinobacillosis ndipo makamaka mitundu yolimbana ndi erythromycin. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamodzi ndi maantibayotiki ena, ngati njira yokonzekera m'matumbo.
• Amikacin. Kuchokera pagulu la aminoglycosides, zimachitika pamagulu amabakiteriya a kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni, kuwalepheretsa kupanga makina awo apamagulu. Ndiwo amodzi mwa maantibayotiki ogwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mitundu yosagonjetsedwa ndi gulu lake lonse ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamavuto akulu a sepsis, kapena motsutsana ndi majeremusi owopsa a gramu.
• Clarithromycin. Olowetsedwa ndi asayansi aku Japan mu 1970, pomwe amafunafuna mtundu wa erythromycin wokhala ndi zovuta zochepa, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakhungu, m'mawere ndi kupuma, komanso kwa omwe ali ndi HIV kuti athane ndi Mycobacterium avium.
• Azithromycin. Amachokera ku erythromycin ndipo amakhala ndi theka la moyo, omwe amapatsidwa kamodzi patsiku. Imagwira bwino kwambiri polimbana ndi bronchitis, chibayo, matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena kwamikodzo, komanso matenda aubwana.
• Ciprofloxacin. Kutakata, imawukira mwachindunji bakiteriya ya DNA, kuilepheretsa kuti isaberekane. Wogwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mndandanda wautali wa mabakiteriya, nthawi zambiri amakhala osungidwa ndi maantibayotiki mwadzidzidzi, chifukwa ndiwotetezeka komanso wosachedwa kudya, koma ndi amtundu wa maantibayotiki osagwirizana ndi onse: fluoroquinolones.
• Cefadroxil. Kuchokera pagulu la mibadwo yoyamba, cephalosporins yotakata, mankhwalawa ndi othandiza polimbana ndi matenda akhungu (mabala, kuwotcha), njira yopumira, mafupa, ziwalo zofewa ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana.
• MulembeFM. Amadziwika ndi matenda a otitis, sinusitis, chibayo, pharyngitis kapena tonsillitis, komanso matenda amikodzo, antibiotic iyi imachokera ku cephalosporins ya m'badwo wachiwiri, wokhala m'kalasi yatsopano: alireza.
• Vancomycin. Kuchokera mu dongosolo la glycopeptides, limasungidwa mwachilengedwe ndi mabakiteriya ena osavomerezeka. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri motsutsana ndi gram positive, osati zoipa, mabakiteriya ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ngakhale mitundu yambiri mwachilengedwe imagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwalawa.
• Amoxicillin. Ndi mtundu wa penicillin, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, othandiza pochiza matenda opuma komanso akhungu komanso mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana, ndichifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiritsa anthu ndi ziweto.
• Ampicillin. Kuchokera ku penicillin, yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira 1961 motsutsana ndi meningococci ndi listerias, komanso pneumococci ndi streptococci, koma makamaka enterococci.
• Aztreonamu. Zomwe zimayambira, imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito koma ochepa kwambiri: mabakiteriya a grob-negative. Ndiwowonjezera m'malo mwa odwala omwe matupi awo sagwirizana ndi penicillin, bola ngati ali oyenera.
• Bacitracin. Dzinalo limachokera kwa msungwana yemwe tibia yake mabakiteriya omwe amapangidwako adatulutsidwa: Tracy. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndikodulira komanso kwakunja, chifukwa ndizovulaza impso, koma ndizothandiza motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi gramu m'mabala ndi mamina. Ndi amodzi mwa maantibayotiki omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
• Doxycycline. Ndi a tetracyclines, othandiza motsutsana ndi gram positive and negative bacteria, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito molimbana ndi chibayo, ziphuphu, syphilis, matenda a Lyme ndi malungo.
• Clofazimine. Chopangidwa mu 1954 motsutsana ndi chifuwa chachikulu, chomwe sichothandiza kwenikweni, ndipo chidakhala chimodzi mwazomwe zimathandizira khate.
• Pyrazinamide. Mothandizana ndi mankhwala ena, ndi chithandizo chachikulu cha chifuwa chachikulu.
• Sulfadiazine. Amayikidwa makamaka motsutsana ndi matenda amkodzo, komanso toxoplasmosis, ndi yovuta kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa imabweretsa zovuta monga vertigo, nseru, kutsegula m'mimba ndi anorexia.
• Colistin. Yogwira motsutsana ndi ma bacilli gramu onse komanso mabakiteriya a polyresistant monga Pseudomonas aeruginosa kapena Acinetobacter, kusinthasintha kwa khungu lawo. Komabe, imatha kukhala ndi neuro ndi nephrotoxic.