Zitsanzo za distillation

Zamkati

Mitundu ya distillation
Zitsanzo za distillation
Njira zina zolekanitsa zosakaniza

Pulogalamu ya distillation ndi njira yolekanitsira zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito posinthana ndi kutulutsa mpweya ndi kufupikitsa, kuwagwiritsa ntchito posankha kuti amange kusakaniza kofanana.

Otsatirawa atha kukhala zamadzimadzi, a olimba wothira madzi kapena madzi amadzimadzi, chifukwa chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga malo owira.

Malo otentha amatchedwa kutentha komwe madzi amasinthira dziko lake kukhala gaseous (amasanduka nthunzi).

Momwemo, kuti distillation ichitike, chisakanizocho chiyenera kuphikidwa mpaka pomwe chimawira chimodzi mwazo zinthu, yomwe idzachitike mu dziko lowala pachidebe chazirala momwe mungadziperekeretse ndikuchira momwemo.

Onaninso: Zitsanzo za Fusion, Solidification, Evaporation, Sublimation, Condensation

Mitundu ya distillation

Pali mitundu ingapo ya distillation:

Zosavuta. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, sizimatsimikizira kwathunthu kuyera kwa chinthu chosungidwacho.
Zagawika. Imachitika kudzera pagawo laling'onoting'ono, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mbale zosiyanasiyana momwe madzi amadzimadzi amasinthira motsatizana, kutsimikizira kuti zotsatira zake zimakhala zochuluka.
Kulibe kanthu. Zimagwiritsa ntchito zingalowe m'malo kuti kulimbikitsa ndondomeko ya distillation, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa zinthuzo ndi theka.
Azeotropic. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswa azeotrope, ndiye kuti, a kusakaniza kwa zinthu omwe amakhala ngati amodzi, kugawana malo otentha. Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa olekanitsa ndipo zonse zimachitika malinga ndi Lamulo la Raoult.
Mwa kulowetsedwa kwa nthunzi. Zigawo zosakhazikika komanso zosasinthasintha zosakanikirana zimasiyanitsidwa ndi jekeseni wachangu wa nthunzi kulimbikitsa kupatukana kwa chisakanizocho.
Youma. Zimatengera kutentha kwa zinthu zolimba popanda kuthandizidwa ndi zosungunulira zamadzi, kuti apange mpweya womwe umadzaza mchidebe china.
Kulimbitsa. Limeneli ndi dzina la distillation kapena ma distillation omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zosakaniza za zinthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzisiyanitsa ndi malo awo otentha.

Kuyenga mafuta. Kulekanitsa zosiyanasiyana ma hydrocarboni ndi zotengera za mafuta, kumachitika njira ya distillation yomwe imalola kuti chilichonse cha mankhwalawa chizisungidwa m'magawo kapena zipinda zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kuphika kwamafuta osakonzeka. Mpweya umatuluka ndipo zinthu zakuda monga phula ndi parafini zimagwera padera.
Othandizira okhazikika. Makina osungunulira nthawi zambiri amachitika pokonza mafuta, kuchokera ku nsanja zotchinga kuti zilekanitse mipweya yosiyanasiyana yomwe imaperekedwa mukaphika mafuta. Mwanjira imeneyi kuwira kwa ma hydrocarboni kumathamanga.
Kuyeretsa kwa Ethanol. Njira yolekanitsa ethanol (mowa) kuchokera kumadzi opangidwa m'malaboroti imafunikira njira ya distillation ya azeotropic, momwe benzene kapena zinthu zina zimaphatikizidwira kuti zitulutse chisakanizocho ndikuloleza kupatukana.
Kuzenga mlanduwa malasha. Kupeza mafuta amadzimadzi, malasha kapena matabwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pouma, kuti atenthe mpweya womwe umatuluka ndikuwugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana njira zamakampani.
Thermolysis yamchere mchere. Njira ina yowuma ya distillation, yophatikizira kuwotcha mchere wamchere ndikupeza kuchokera kwa iwo, kuchokera pakukhalira ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, osiyanasiyana zinthu zamchere zothandiza kwambiri mafakitale.
Kulemba. Chipangizochi, chomwe chidapangidwa kale ku Arab kuti apange zonunkhira, mankhwala ndi mowa kuchokera ku zipatso zopukutidwa, chimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za distillation potenthetsa zinthu mu thumba lake laling'ono ndikuziziritsa mpweya womwe umapangidwa ndi coil utakhazikika mchidebe chatsopano.
Kupanga kwa mafuta onunkhira. Makina osungunulira nthunzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga mafuta onunkhira, ndi madzi otentha ndi mitundu ina yamaluwa otetezedwa, kuti mupeze mpweya wonunkhira bwino womwe, utaphimbidwa, utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zamadzimadzi.
Kugula zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Ndikothekanso kuthira zipatso kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, mulemba. Chotupacho chimaphika pafupifupi 80 ° C, kutentha kwa mowa, motero madzi amapatulidwa, omwe amakhalabe muchidebecho.
Kupeza madzi osungunuka. Kuyeretsa kwamadzi kwakukulu kumachitika chifukwa cha distillation yomwe imatulutsa mayankho onse omwe ali nawo. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma laboratories ndi mafakitale, ndipo njira yomweyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupangitsa madzi kumwa kuti anthu azidya.
Kupeza mafuta. Chinsinsi cha mafuta ambiri ofunikira ndikuwiritsa zopangira (masamba kapena chinyama) mpaka mafuta asanduke nthunzi kenako ndikuuphatika kumapeto kuti utakhazikika, kuti athe kupezanso madzi.
Madzi a m'nyanja. M'malo ambiri momwe mulibe madzi akumwa, madzi am'nyanja amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti amwe, atathiridwa mcherewo, chifukwa chomaliziracho sichimasanduka madziwo akatenthedwa ndikukhalabe mu chidebe choyambirira.
Kupeza pyridine. Madzi opanda utoto onunkhira bwino kwambiri, pyridine ndi chinthu chofanana ndi benzene, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani osungunulira, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, utoto ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kawirikawiri amapezeka kuchokera ku distillation ya mafuta yomwe imapezedwanso, kuchokera ku zowonongeka za mafupa.
Kupeza shuga. Kuchokera ku coconut ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, shuga wina amatha kupezeka ndi distillation yomwe imachotsa madzi kukhala nthunzi ndikulola kuti makhiristo a shuga akhalebe.
Kupeza glycerin. Njira yopezera glycerin yokometsera imaphatikizaponso distillation ya zotsalira za sopo, chifukwa mankhwalawa amadza chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zina lipids (monga kuzungulira kwa Krebs).
Kupeza asidi wa asidi. Chotengera ichi cha viniga chimagwira ntchito zingapo m'makampani opanga mankhwala, zithunzi komanso zaulimi, ndipo distillation imathandiza kwambiri pakupanga, chifukwa imapangidwa molumikizana ndi zinthu zina zosakhazikika monga formic acid ndi formaldehyde.