Zamkati
Pulogalamu ya anabolism ndi katemera Ndiwo njira ziwiri zamankhwala zomwe zimapanga kagayidwe kake (kapangidwe kazomwe zimachitika m'thupi lililonse). Njirazi ndizosiyana koma ndizothandizana, chifukwa zimadalira zinazo ndipo palimodzi zimaloleza kugwira ntchito ndikukula kwamaselo.
Anabolism
Anabolism, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti gawo lolimbikitsa, ndiyo njira yamagetsi yopangira zinthu zovuta kuzipanga kuchokera kuzinthu zosavuta, kaya ndi organic kapena zochita kupanga. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi lamagetsi omwe amatulutsidwa ndi katabolism kuti apange ma molekyulu ovuta. Mwachitsanzo: photosynthesis mu zamoyo zodzikongoletsera, kaphatikizidwe ka lipids kapena mapuloteni.
Anabolism ndiye maziko amakulidwe ndi zamoyo. Imakhala ndi udindo wosamalira minyewa yamthupi ndikusunga mphamvu.
- Itha kukuthandizani: Biochemistry
Katolika
Catabolism, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti gawo lowononga, ndi njira yamagetsi yomwe imakhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa mamolekyulu ovuta kukhala osavuta. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka ndi makutidwe a biomolecule omwe amachokera ku chakudya monga chakudya, mapuloteni, ndi lipids. Mwachitsanzo: chimbudzi, glycolysis.
Pakutha, mamolekyulu amatulutsa mphamvu ngati ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Mphamvu imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maselo kuchita zinthu zofunika komanso zochita za anabolic pakupanga mamolekyulu.
Zitsanzo za anabolism
- Photosynthesis. Njira ya Anabolic yochitidwa ndi zamoyo zodziyimira payokha (safuna kuti zamoyo zina zizidyetsa, popeza zimapanga chakudya chawo). Mu photosynthesis, zinthu zopanda pake zimasandulika kukhala organic organic kudzera mu mphamvu yoperekedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa.
- Chemosynthesis. Njira yomwe imasinthitsa gawo limodzi kapena angapo amolekyulu azakudya ndi michere kukhala zinthu zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito makutidwe ndi okosijeni azinthu zachilengedwe. Amasiyana ndi photosynthesis chifukwa sagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa ngati gwero lamphamvu.
- Kuzungulira kwa Calvin. Njira zamankhwala zomwe zimachitika mu ma chloroplast am'maselo obzala. Mmenemo, ma molekyulu a kaboni dayokisaidi amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga molekyulu ya shuga. Ndi njira zomwe zamoyo za autotrophic zimayenera kuphatikizira zinthu zopanda pake.
- Mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe. Njira zamankhwala zomwe mapuloteni omwe amapangidwa ndi maunyolo amino acid amapangidwa. Ma amino acid amatumizidwa ndi RNA yosamutsira kupita kwa messenger RNA, yomwe imayang'anira dongosolo lomwe amino acid adzajowina kuti apange unyolo. Izi zimachitika mu ribosomes, ma organelles omwe amapezeka m'maselo onse.
- Gluconeogenesis. Njira zamagetsi zomwe shuga amapangidwa kuchokera kuzomwe zimayambitsa glycosidic zomwe sizomwe zimapanga chakudya.
Zitsanzo za katemera
- Kupuma kwamagulu. Njira zamankhwala zomwe zinthu zina zamankhwala zimasokonekera kukhala zinthu zopanda pake. Mphamvu yotulutsayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma molekyulu a ATP. Pali mitundu iwiri ya kupuma kwa ma cell: aerobic (amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya) ndi anaerobic (sagwiritsa ntchito mpweya koma mamolekyu ena wamba).
- Chimbudzi. Njira yokhayokha yomwe ma biomolecule omwe amadya thupi amathyoledwa ndikusandulika mawonekedwe osavuta (mapuloteni amatsitsidwa kukhala amino acid, polysaccharides kukhala monosaccharides ndi lipids ku fatty acids).
- Glycolysis. Njira yomwe imachitika pambuyo poti chimbudzi chitheke (pomwe polysaccharides imasokonekera kukhala shuga). Mu glycolysis molekyulu iliyonse ya glucose imagawika m'magulu awiri a pyruvate.
- Krebs mkombero. Njira zamankhwala zomwe ndi gawo la kupuma kwama cell am'magazi a aerobic. Mphamvu zosungidwa zimatulutsidwa kudzera mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni a acetyl-CoA molekyulu ndi mphamvu zamagetsi monga ATP.
- Kuwonongeka kwa asidi a nyukiliya. Njira zamankhwala zomwe deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ndi ribonucleic acid (RNA) zimakumana ndi kuwonongeka.
- Pitirizani ndi: Zochitika zamagetsi
