Lingaliro la kutalikirana imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi sayansi yaumunthu, chifukwa ndi njira yomwe ingakhudzire anthu.
Pulogalamu ya kutalikirana ndiyo njira yomwe munthu amakhala amasandulika kukhala mlendo kwa iyemwiniMwanjira ina, chidziwitso chawo chimasinthidwa mwanjira yoti itaye mawonekedwe omwe mpaka pamenepo amapatsidwa kwa chikhalidwe chawo kapena chikhalidwe chake.
Pulogalamu ya zachilendo, ndiye, ndizokhudzana kwambiri ndi kutanthauzira kwakanthawi kokhudza umunthu wa munthu kuti nzeru ndi maphunziro ena aumunthu sanagwirizanepo, chifukwa chake palibe kutanthauzira kwapadera pankhani yodzipatula: Foucault, Hegel, Marx ndipo ngakhale psychology anali ndi zambiri zochita ndi ndi zopereka pazinthu zakunja.
Chiyanjano chodzipatula ndi sayansi yaumunthu chimachitika chifukwa chakuti sichinthu chachilengedwe (monga zovuta zamitsempha zamunthu komanso machitidwe) koma ndi njira yachitukuko yomwe imatha kuchitika m'magulu awiri.
Pulogalamu yakudzipatula payekha Zimachitika kuti umunthu wa munthu m'modzi umathetsedwa, zosagwirizana zimawonekera pamaganizidwe awo komanso kudziphunzitsa mwanjira ina momwe zinthu zina zimapangidwira zomwe sizowona. Kudzipatula pawokha, kutengeka kwambiri, kumalekanitsa anthu ndi anzawo.
Pulogalamu ya kudzipatula pagulu kapena gulu ndizogwirizana kwathunthu ndimachitidwe andale zamphulupulu za anthu onse. Chikumbumtima cha gulu lonse chimasinthidwa m'njira yoti chikhale chosemphana ndi zomwe akuyembekezeredwa.
Chimodzi mwazokambirana zoyambirira m'gulu lamasiku ano ndi a Thomas Hobbes ndi a Jean-Jacques Rousseau, woyamba kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa boma chifukwa cha ubale wachiwawa komanso wankhondo pakati pa anthu, ndipo wachiwiri, m'malo mwake, amakhulupirira boma. zachilengedwe chifukwa amawona amuna ngati amtendere mwachilengedwe.
Zachidziwikire, munthu pagulu alibe zachiwawa kwathunthu kapena wamtendere kwathunthu komanso wopanda nkhawa: maudindo onsewa akuphatikiza njira yodzipatula yomwe amuna padziko lonse lapansi adataya umunthu wawo woyamba.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pali zitsanzo zina zomwe zimayesa kuyerekezera tanthauzo lakusiyana. Chotsatira, ena a iwo:
- Munthu amene amaphunzira chipembedzo mpaka kukhumudwitsa chitukuko chake amadzipeza kuti alibe chipembedzo.
- Kuyambitsa kwanzeru kwa lingaliro lodzipatula, lomwe linaperekedwa ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau poteteza zachilengedwe komanso amuna mwaufulu wonse.
- Oganiza ambiri pagulu adadabwa ndimachitidwe opondereza ku Europe kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, zomwe zidakwanitsa kukopa thandizo lamphamvu kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana. Kutsimikiza uku kwa zazikulu zazikulu zakubwera kwa zabwino zomwe zitha kusokoneza anthu kutanthauziridwa kuti ndi kudzipatula.
- Munthu amene wamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasintha momwe amaganizira ndikusintha, motero amasiyana naye.
- Munthu amene amavomereza kuponderezedwa komwe boma limamupatsa amakhala wandale.
- Zochitika zambiri zamatchalitchi kapena mabungwe ena achinsinsi padziko lapansi zimatha kusiyanitsa mamembala awo.
- M'magulu amakono, nkhondo ngati yankhondo imangosiya gulu laling'ono kwambiri komanso losauka kwambiri pagulu. Komabe, ndi achichepere kwambiri komanso osauka kwambiri omwe amakonda kukondwerera ndikulimbikitsa kwambiri nkhondo ikamayandikira.
- Michael Foucault adawona kuti kudzipatula kumafanana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chodwala matenda amisala, chifukwa anthu samamuzindikira ndipo samamupatula.
- Zowonongera zazikulu zotsatsa zomwe makampani amachita, zimachitika chifukwa chakuti (timakhulupirira kapena ayi) anthu amatengeka ndi izi posankha zakumwa. Popeza ndikusintha kwamakhalidwe omwe sitimadziwa, titha kuwawona ngati njira yakulekerera.
- Pakuwunika kwa capitalism komwe kumapangitsa Karl Marx, kulekana kwa wogwira ntchito kumachitika m'njira zitatu. Ndikulekanitsidwa uku katatu kwamunthu kuchokera pachowonadi chake chokha chomwe chingafotokozere kupirira ndi kutsimikizika kwa dongosolo la capitalist ndi ogwira ntchitowo, malinga ndi Marx.
- Ponena za ntchito yake (chifukwa amagwira ntchito zosowa za wina);
- Ponena za chinthu chomwe chimapangidwa (chifukwa sichili chake);
- Ponena za kuthekera kwake (pakufunika kosatha kwa capitalist kuti achulukitse phindu lake).
